November 30, 2007: After letting their F-15s fly
again on November 21st, after being grounded for 18 days, the 442 early model
(F-15A-D) U.S. Air Force aircraft are again grounded because of suspicions that
portions of the aircraft structure have been weakened by stress (lots of
maneuvering during combat training).
Originally, the U.S. Air Force has halted
non-critical flights of its F-15C (the interceptor version) fighters after a
National Guard F-15C crashed on November 2nd. It appeared that the crash was
the result of structural failure. Five years ago, an F-15C traveling at high
(over 2,000 kilometers an hour) speed crashed when its left tail fin broke off.
F-15Es (the two seat bomber version) operating in
Afghanistan were not grounded initially, but soon were when it was realized
that the problem might be a design flaw, not age, that caused the 27 year old
F-15C to go down. The F-15Es were restored to flight status after about a week,
once each aircraft had undergone an extensive structural examination (taking
about 13 man hours each). Most F-15Es are less than ten years old. But some
F-15Cs are over twenty years old. The F-15E is still in production for export
customers like Singapore and South Korea. This time around, the F-15Es were not
grounded, because metal stress in the older F-15s would not occur in the F-15E,
which is somewhat different in its internal structure.
Structural failure is more common in older fighters
that have lots of flight hours (over five thousand) on them. When originally
designed, the F-15 was believed to have a service life of only 4,000 hours. But
new materials and design techniques increased that to 8,000. In peacetime,
F-15s are in the air 250-300 hours a year. But because of the 1991 Gulf War,
the 1990s "no-fly-zone" patrols over Iraq, and the current war, the F-15 fleet
has piled up the hours more quickly, and many are approaching the 8,000 hour
mark.
If weak components are detected, they can be
replaced with stronger ones, made of materials not available when the F-15 was
originally built. But you want to find the weak components before they fail.
While scanning technology has improved, it's still not good enough to detect
all the F-15 components possibly weakened by years of use. As a result, flying
an F-15 is going to be a bit more stressful from now on. To some in the air
force, this situation has a bright side. One can now make a more compelling
case to build more F-22s, to replace F-15 that are wearing out faster than expected.
This component failure problem is not unique to the
F-15, and has been occurring with increasing frequency among aging fighter
aircraft all over the world. The end of the Cold War in 1991 led to the
cancellation of many warplane replacement programs. Air forces were compelled
to make do with thousands of increasingly older aircraft. Whenever an aircraft
goes down because of a structural failure, you have to ground all planes of
that type until you know exactly what caused the loss, and made any needed repairs
to other aircraft of that type. Pilots are a pretty sharp lot, so governments
don't dare try to play games with this. If the pilots suspect they are being
set up to fly dodgy aircraft, they will not fly them, or not fly them in a
useful (stressful) way.
The early model F-15s are mostly interceptors, and
are not essential to the current war effort. However, Canada has assigned some
of its F-18s to cover for U.S. F-15Cs that share the air defense duties over
North America. More Russian reconnaissance aircraft are showing up off the
coasts of Alaska and Canada, and a pair of interceptors are usually sent to say
hello to the intruders. With the American F-15Cs grounded, the Canadian F-18s
(known as CF-188A up there) will have to fill in. The F-18s are the same age as
the older F-15s, but have not had the same kind of structural problems. This is
one reason why the USAF fears some kind of design flaw in the F-15C.
