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Subject: UK Pilot flight test the Rafale F3
Bluewings12    11/9/2009 1:57:05 PM
By Peter Collins : Chapter 1 , the aircraft : "Most advanced Allied air forces now have operational fleets of fourth-generation fighters (defined by attributes such as being fly-by-wire, highly unstable, highly agile, net-centric, multi-weapon and multi-role assets). These Western types include the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon and Saab Gripen NG. The Boeing F-15E and Lockheed Martin F-16 have an older heritage, but their latest upgrades give them similar multi-role mission capabilities. Of the above group, only the Super Hornet and Rafale M are capable of aircraft-carrier operations. As these fourth-generation fighters' weapons, sensor systems and net-centric capabilities mature, the likelihood of export orders for such an operationally proven package becomes much more realistic. On behalf of Flight International, I became the first UK test pilot to evaluate the Rafale in its current F3 production standard, applicable to aircraft for both French air force and French navy frontline squadrons. The "proof-of-concept" Rafale A first flew in 1986 as an aerodynamic study, leading to the programme's formal launch two years later. The slightly smaller single-seat Rafale C01 and two-seat B01 for the French air force and single-seat M01 and M02 prototypes for the navy flew from 1991. The first production-standard Rafale flew in 1998, and entered service with the navy's 12F squadron at Landivisiau in 2004 in the F1 (air-to-air) standard. Deliveries of the air force's B- and C-model aircraft started in 2006 in the F2 standard, dubbed "omnirole" by Dassault. Since 2008, all Rafales have been delivered in the F3 standard, which adds reconnaissance pod integration and MBDA's ASMP-A nuclear weapon capability. All aircraft delivered in earlier production standards will be brought up to the F3 configuration over the next two years. The French forces plan to purchase 294 Rafales: 234 for the air force and 60 for the navy. Their Rafales are set to replace seven legacy fighter types, and will remain as France's principal combat aircraft until at least 2040. To date, about 70 Rafales have been delivered, with a current production rate of 12 a year. Rafale components and airframe sections are built at various Dassault facilities across France and assembled near Bordeaux, but maintained in design and engineering configuration "lockstep" using the virtual reality, Dassault-patented Catia database also used on the company's Falcon 7X business jet. Rafale software upgrades are scheduled to take place every two years, a complete set of new-generation sensors is set for 2012 and a full mid-life upgrade is planned for 2020 SUPERB PERFORMANCE The Rafale was always designed as an aircraft capable of any air-to-ground, reconnaissance or nuclear strike mission, but retaining superb air-to-air performance and capabilities. Air force and navy examples have made three fully operational deployments to Afghanistan since 2005, giving the French forces unparalleled combat and logistical experience. The commitments have also proved the aircraft's net-centric capabilities within the co-ordination required by coalition air forces and the command and control environment when delivering air support services to ground forces. Six Rafale Ms recently carried out a major joint exercise with the US Navy from the deck of the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier the USS Theodore Roosevelt. The air force's B/C fighters have 80% commonality with the navy's Rafale M model, the main differences being the latter's navalised landing gear, arrestor hook and some fuselage longitudinal strengthening. Overall, the M is about 300kg (661lb) heavier than the B, and has 13 hardpoints, against the 14 found on air force examples. Dassault describes the Rafale as omnirole rather than multirole. This is derived from the wide variety of air-to-ground and air-to-air weapons, sensor pods and fuel tank combinations it can carry; the optimisation of aircraft materials and construction; and the full authority digital FBW controlling a highly agile (very aerodynamically unstable) platform. This also gives the aircraft a massive centre of gravity range and allows for a huge combination of different mission stores to be carried, including the asymmetric loading of heavy stores, both laterally and longitudinally. Other attributes include the wide range of smart and discrete sensors developed for the aircraft, and the way that the vast array of received information is "data fused" by a powerful central computer to reduce pilot workload when presented in the head-down, head-level and head-up displays. The Rafale is designed for day or night covert low-level penetration, and can carry a maximum of 9.5t of external ordinance, equal to the much larger F-15E. With a basic empty weight of 10.3t, an internal fuel capacity of 4.7t and a maximum take-off weight of 24.5t, the Rafale can lift 140% of additional lo
 
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Lynstyne       11/9/2009 5:15:39 PM

Some honest questions from me:

 

1) I don't see the big deal about being able to slave the Rafale's TCS to the radar.  Wasn't the F-14 able to do that?  (I may have misread the article on this.)

 

2) Why did the Rafale M have to give up a hardpoint? 

 

Not trying to start a flame war--I want to know out of semi-professional curiosity. 

Did it loose a position or is the position unusable on carrier ops (clearance issues perhaps) If the aircraft did loose a hard point then I suspect (but stand ready to be corrected) that it gave up for the tailhook etc

 
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sentinel28a       11/9/2009 6:08:27 PM
I'm confused, then.  I'm looking at my Heller Rafale M, and it only has nine hardpoints (four wing, two wingtip, the recessed rear Mica ports, and the centerline).
 
I freely admit that I might've missed something on the kit--since I have it armed with two Magics, two Micas, a centerline tank, two Harpoons and two HARMs.
 
 
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warpig       11/9/2009 7:11:58 PM

Warpig :


""and used the Spectra RWR to cue the FSO TV to do the same against a passing Mirage 2000 on a low-level mission.""

 

French posters have been talking about this capability for years and when you add the IR Mica LOBL and/or LOAL capabilities , you get a very decent passive shot without even using the LRF . It is of course a shot from the hip in LOAL mode but a pure passive shot if the Mica gets the lock from its rail (LOBL) . Spectra gives the bearing with great accuracy and the FSO TV different zooms tells the pilot how far the opponent is with a small error margin (experience) , so what are the probable chances for Mica to archive a LOAL . If Mica already has a lock , just press the trigger .

The RBE2 hasn 't been used at all .


 

Cheers .





 
To Senty first:
 
Yes, other aircraft have used radar cueing to put a TV on the target.  A couple years ago Phaid posted some wonderful pics of video from F-14s of Libyan jets about to be waxed that we taken through exactly that sort of arrangement, as you no doubt are well aware.  If your question was partly in reaction to what I and Hamilcar both said, I was noting that the Rafale's TV was cued in one example by the RWR, and presumably not by the radar (although I suppose the article did not explicitly deny use of radar data in that instance, but it certainly seemed implied to me)..  I'm not aware of anything like that before, and as far as I know the only other aircraft that have RWRs good enough to even do it in the first place are F-22, F-35, and EA-18G.
 
BW:
 
While it seems reasonable that the pilot may be able--given extensive personal knowledge/experience--to guesstimate the approximate range to the target, that does not supply range data to the missile, nor update the missile with range data in-flight.  Thus, the missile can only engage in a purely pursuit type of trajectory.  Therefore, the pilot would need to estimate for himself whether the target is within the range of the missile in such a mode where it does not have range data available to it.  In the case of MICA IR, I will assert without any interest of hearing your opinion to the contrary--as we have beat this subject to DEATH over the last few years and my version of the truth has been *conclusively* supported as far as I'm concerned-- that means at *most* in the most optimum sort of conditions, about 20 to 30km to the target at time of launch, and if the target turns away or otherwise violently maneuvers that could still easily miss as the target moves out of range.  In less optimum conditions (things like crossing target, high target offset angle, tail chase, non-co-altitude, etc.), the maximum range of such a shot could be significantly less.  In its favor, even though the MICA IR uses one of the first IIR sensors, and certainly is not as good as the sensor in the AIM-9X for example, it still is much better than any non-IIR sensor, and is much better than the sensor in the AIM-9M and AA-11 for example, and the missile is very likely to kill its target if the pilot is correct in his engagement envelope estimation..
 
Given those inherent engagement envelope limitations of needing to be within 30km, or even much less than that in some cases, of the target, and as long as the cueing from the RWR can be passed to the MICA IR and it can lock on to the target, then "silent" engagement of radar-emitting targets that the RWR can track is certainly feasible.  Or, you could just turn on your radar, light up the target, and shoot it in a not-so-silent mode.  I suggest that it takes a pretty contrived scenario to make some "silent" engagement capability particularly operationally significant.  Most of them seem to revolve around insinuating a single small covert strike through an active IADS where the couple of jets involved have to do double- or triple-duty because there aren't enough airborne assets available to devote each to a single role.  Thankfully, America rarely needs to worry about limiting itself to such a small-scale airstrike.
 
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Hamilcar       11/9/2009 11:47:06 PM

His flight description is about an hour in the air. That is rather firm.



1 h 25 min to be correctly and that involved some aggressive manoeuvering with full burners, supersonic speeds and low level ride. 


Still  needed an external  fuel tank with more than 4 tonnes of onboard fuel. That means it is not likely to negate my comment at all. Just makes it as bad with 25 minutes tacked on..

That is a weapon's proof of type. Two is not a real deployment.

There were mostly more than 2 aircraft deployed. 3 to be correctly :-p. Anyway it still is a deployment and many detatchments are relative small. Not everyone can afford sending a whole squadron. Of course it's more about collecting some experience etc. but claiming it's not a deployment in the first place is plain wrong and just your usual bashing in that direction.

ONCE, I believe there were three as part of a mostly M-2000 squadron rotation. It was a weapon proof, a repetitive one to tweak qwhat went wrong in each previous Rafale deployment.

Electronic obsolescence is a positive choice? What killed the F-22 again?

Well I still like to see a source about the outdated components in the Rafale's MIDS in comparison to what is used by other NATO a/c. IFF, radios etc. are all complient with NATO standard as well.

So would I. Frankly the implied capability to link with current USAF USN telemetry data bit stream nodes I suspect is an exaggeration and dubious. I seem to recall voice only for the Rafale in Afghanistan  when operating with allies. I could be wrong about this..

This can be taken two ways. If he talks anything less than Block 60 F-16 or the BEAGLE then its not a favorable comment about Rafale at all..

How could it be taken in two ways? He says F-15s and F-16s are not of that generation in general terms. 

Given his lack of currency in types, how could I take it, MK? I had to be charitable and accept that he might have spoken early block models. Did you want me to come right out and say he was a Pierre Sprey? He's not that incompetent or out of current touch by any stretch of the imagination. 

7. Optical systems described as bearing only ID systems.

The TV-camera actually is for IDing, the IRST/FLIR is for search and track.

All that does is still give bearing only data as the target is tracked across the FoV, useless for ranging, and you know this, MK.

8. Mirage 2000 picked out of the sky at 30 n. miles? Just how bad is that RBE2 radar?  

Doesn't mean it couldn' have detected/tracked it earlier.

He actually describes atmospherics and flight conditions at the time of target lockup, including the aspect and clutter conditions, so just how bad is that radar? Very. It doesn't help to draw attention to its real performance parameters.

 
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gf0012-aust       11/10/2009 2:27:28 AM
By the way , keep in mind who Peter Collins is and show some respect if you know what that word means . He is still an amazing Pilot and he knows the business of flying a fighter better than any of us here , unless someone on SP is or has been leading the Blue Angels =

what twaddle.  he hasn't flown any contemp aircraft or peers and he is making comparisons against contemp generation platforms?  he left the RAF in 93.  He therefore is in no position to form an opinion on peer capabilities because he hasn't flown them.

if he is going to make comment then he is subject to the same review as anyone else.

use some logic before defending the position.

I would say exactly the same if someone made glowing comments about any other aircraft and had not flown any peers.
 
 
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french stratege       11/10/2009 8:41:29 AM
Peter Collins can only says that Rafale dynamic performance, man machine interface, awareness are exceptional that every person knows.Probably it can says positive things on WVR performance knowing that Rafale is known to beat F15, F18E, F16 (even with HMS).
However he has no clue on RCS, ECM, ECCM, captor ranges, level of network integration if he has no access to data package of Rafale but also best contender like F22, F35, Eurofighter.
We know in France (or Nederland) and by analysis that (futur) Rafale (in 2014) is the closest  contender to compete with F35 or even F22 (thank you LO et Spectra) but M. Collins can not garantee it since he doesn't know key performance parameter in AtoA combat or survivability vs advanced air defense.
 
 
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Bluewings12       11/10/2009 1:03:19 PM
Hamilcar :
""I did find it interesting that there was cuing to slave the camera to the RWR so that a VID is quickly possible, but just how useful is that when the Adders are already on the way?""
 
There is a good chance that the Adders will be detected by the Missile Departure Warning System as they leave the rails . Furthermore , Spectra 's RWR would have notice the adverse "radar painting" before that .
In any case , having the capability to quickly ID visually a possible target without using any "active" device like a radar is a huge bonus . It has been demonstrated during the last Tiger Meet where the RoE were extremely strict : "ID first then shoot" . The Rafale was always the first to shoot , even in AtG mode where the aircraft could visually ID enemy ships and fire simulated Exocets a great range (BVR) .
 
Waroig :
""While it seems reasonable that the pilot may be able--given extensive personal knowledge/experience--to guesstimate the approximate range to the target, that does not supply range data to the missile, nor update the missile with range data in-flight.""
 
In order : true , true and false . The wrong bit is to think that the Mica can 't be updated in-flight , Spectra will provide constant updates on the bearing which is important and better than nothing .
 
""that means at *most* in the most optimum sort of conditions, about 20 to 30km to the target at time of launch""
 
In good weather and at that distance , Mica will be used in LOBL because the missile would have locked onto the target by itself . The target is in great danger .
Now , if the target is too far away to be detected and tracked by the IR seeker , we are in LOAL territory (30 to 80km) .
I explained the passive LOAL shot many times but it seems that nobody clicked on it or nobody wants to admit the capability . I explain (again) : read one more time what P. Collins said :
"""and used the Spectra RWR to cue the FSO TV to do the same against a passing Mirage 2000 on a low-level mission""
 
Surely , Spectra knew the bearing of the Mirage but ALSO the altitude of the Mirage (low-level) and slew the TV on it and not above or way above it . Do you get it Gents ? Spectra interferrometry works in 3D .
So , during a LOAL shot , Spectra will constantly update the missile on the target position as long as the target is emitting .
This kind of "tracking" is of course far to be as good as a real radar track but can be used with discretion . If the Mica (IR or EM) can then find and lock the target in a rather small drop basket , well ... the target is also in great danger .
 
Cheers . 
 
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Bluewings12       11/10/2009 1:28:02 PM
I said :
""Spectra interferrometry works in 3D .""
 
Read works in 2D (bearing and altitude but no ranging , the LRF or the RBE2 are needed for that)) . 
 
Cheers .
 
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Hamilcar       11/10/2009 2:10:10 PM

Hamilcar :


""I did find it interesting that there was cuing to slave the camera to the RWR so that a VID is quickly possible, but just how useful is that when the Adders are already on the way?""

 

There is a good chance that the Adders will be detected by the Missile Departure Warning System as they leave the rails . Furthermore , Spectra 's RWR would have notice the adverse "radar painting" before that .

In any case , having the capability to quickly ID visually a possible target without using any "active" device like a radar is a huge bonus . It has been demonstrated during the last Tiger Meet where the RoE were extremely strict : "ID first then shoot" . The Rafale was always the first to shoot , even in AtG mode where the aircraft could visually ID enemy ships and fire simulated Exocets a great range (BVR) .


 

Waroig :


""While it seems reasonable that the pilot may be able--given extensive personal knowledge/experience--to guesstimate the approximate range to the target, that does not supply range data to the missile, nor update the missile with range data in-flight.""

 

In order : true , true and false . The wrong bit is to think that the Mica can 't be updated in-flight , Spectra will provide constant updates on the bearing which is important and better than nothing .


 


""that means at *most* in the most optimum sort of conditions, about 20 to 30km to the target at time of launch""

 

In good weather and at that distance , Mica will be used in LOBL because the missile would have locked onto the target by itself . The target is in great danger .


Now , if the target is too far away to be detected and tracked by the IR seeker , we are in LOAL territory (30 to 80km) .

I explained the passive LOAL shot many times but it seems that nobody clicked on it or nobody wants to admit the capability . I explain (again) : read one more time what P. Collins said :



"""and used the Spectra RWR to cue the FSO TV to do the same against a passing Mirage 2000 on a low-level mission""

 

Surely , Spectra knew the bearing of the Mirage but ALSO the altitude of the Mirage (low-level) and slew the TV on it and not above or way above it . Do you get it Gents ? Spectra interferrometry works in 3D .



So , during a LOAL shot , Spectra will constantly update the missile on the target position as long as the target is emitting .

This kind of "tracking" is of course far to be as good as a real radar track but can be used with discretion . If the Mica (IR or EM) can then find and lock the target in a rather small drop basket , well ... the target is also in great danger .

 

Cheers . 






So much wrong there but the most telling and clear was in RED even with the bogus 2D^1 correction tacked on. All the threat receiver recorded was the slant angle and bearing from signal transmitter second to second as aspect changed to receiver aircraft.
 
 
It was the pilot who SAW through the camera wth his eyes and compared to the ground the vector of the Mirage who concluded that the plane flew low to the ground.
 
Its obvious mistakes like this that separate serious discussion from wild eyed advocacy and shows just exactly why a discussion on the Rafale is difficult. Lack of understanding of the simplest concepts reduces everything to a  lengythu discussion of why a wrong statement is a wrong statement. Who has the time? I just note the ridiculous and drive on.
 
^1 If you understood understood slant and motion across field of view why did you still assert that the Spectra gave a THIRD dimension  ranging component to the ground  (altitude of the Mirage) when it did nothing of the kind? Even when  the pilot saw it, all he could estimate was that the
 
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warpig       11/10/2009 3:52:54 PM

In any case , having the capability to quickly ID visually a possible target without using any "active" device like a radar is a huge bonus . It has been demonstrated during the last Tiger Meet where the RoE were extremely strict : "ID first then shoot" . The Rafale was always the first to shoot , even in AtG mode where the aircraft could visually ID enemy ships and fire simulated Exocets a great range (BVR) .

Waroig :

""While it seems reasonable that the pilot may be able--given extensive personal knowledge/experience--to guesstimate the approximate range to the target, that does not supply range data to the missile, nor update the missile with range data in-flight.""
 
In order : true , true and false . The wrong bit is to think that the Mica can 't be updated in-flight , Spectra will provide constant updates on the bearing which is important and better than nothing .

""that means at *most* in the most optimum sort of conditions, about 20 to 30km to the target at time of launch""
 
In good weather and at that distance , Mica will be used in LOBL because the missile would have locked onto the target by itself . The target is in great danger .
Now , if the target is too far away to be detected and tracked by the IR seeker , we are in LOAL territory (30 to 80km) .

I explained the passive LOAL shot many times but it seems that nobody clicked on it or nobody wants to admit the capability . I explain (again) : read one more time what P. Collins said :
"""and used the Spectra RWR to cue the FSO TV to do the same against a passing Mirage 2000 on a low-level mission""

Surely , Spectra knew the bearing of the Mirage but ALSO the altitude of the Mirage (low-level) and slew the TV on it and not above or way above it . Do you get it Gents ? Spectra interferrometry works in 3D .
So , during a LOAL shot , Spectra will constantly update the missile on the target position as long as the target is emitting .

This kind of "tracking" is of course far to be as good as a real radar track but can be used with discretion . If the Mica (IR or EM) can then find and lock the target in a rather small drop basket , well ... the target is also in great danger .


I agree, being able to ID your target *IS* a huge bonus.  Being able to ID and then engage, all without using any active sensors (which is what we've been talking about here with regard to using the RWR and the TV), has not been shown to be much of a bonus at all as far as I'm concerned, and I assert again that it takes a pretty contrived and selective scenario to dream up circumstances where such capability is a huge bonus.  Whatever examples you think Tiger Meet et al. provide, I'd bet that in those engagements where the TV was used for ID, they still either involved lighting up the target with the radar or else in whatever few cases they did not use the radar the target was engaged without radar mostly only "just because it can" and not because of any significant operational advantage/need to not use radar during the engagement.
 
No, my comment was not "false."  The RWR does *not* supply range data, whether before or after launch.  It supplies azimuth/bearing data and I'll agree it apparently provides good enough elevation data (since it was good enough to either put the TV on the target or at least cue the pilot to put the TV on the target), as well, before launch.  I remain unconvinced that the missile is fed data from the RWR after launch, particularly if there is no range data from the radar or LRF.  Regardless of whether it is or is not fed azimuth and elevation data from the RWR after launch, that is not sufficient for anything other than a pursuit form of tracking of the target, because there is no range data.  Also, because there is no range data, I find it very difficult to believe that the missile can be launched LOAL at all.  In any event, regardless of whether it is LOBL or LOAL, because there is no range data and therefore the missile's trajectory can not be optimized as has been explained in great detail in the past
 
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