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Subject: Highly Autonomous Excalibur UCAV to take flight in 2009
DarthAmerica    6/2/2009 5:51:53 PM
Excalibur

Excalibur is a purpose-built armed, tactical UAV. Excalibur fills a gap between current weaponized UAVs and manned strike platforms that provide tactical air support. To enable the attack role, Excalibur will be compatible with Hellfire, APKWS, Viper Strike and other small, precision-guided munitions recently developed by the Department of Defense.

Excalibur will use a turbine-electric hybrid propulsion system to give the aircraft VTOL capability while allowing optimization of the turbine engine for horizontal flight. The aircraft's advanced flight control system operates with a high level of autonomy. The aircraft is not remotely piloted, therefore operators are able to focus on mission planning, finding, and engaging targets instead of flying the aircraft.

Excalibur combines VTOL launch and recovery, high-speed flight (in excess of 400 knots), and low speed loiter (100 knots) into one aircraft. Excalibur can operate in a STOL or STOVL mode for increased mission durations or payloads.

Aurora is under contract to the Army's Aviation Applied Technology Directorate to design a 700 pounds Excalibur technology demonstrator aircraft, will have it's first vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) flight test planned for summer of 2009
 
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Reactive       7/23/2009 12:56:46 PM
It looks incredibly clumsy, has a fantastically inefficient forward profile, just about maintains a hover, to me it looks optimised for VTOL and not flight.
 
 
It looks like one of those unwieldy (never to be produced) designs that people produce at universities. It (so far) takes off and hovers with about the same level of control that one would expect from a toy helicopter. The inverted missile shot on the CGI actually made me choke on my drink, I think it's more likely to attempt invert, become unstable, flip 90 degrees and crash, and that to avoid that happening is going to require osprey-like levels of patience. This is assuming that it manages to maintain stability in the initial transfer from hover to foward flight.

It also has a beautiful set of smooth curves to maximise its radar profile from almost every aspect, looks incredibly draggy for a machine that is designed for persistence, and seems like using VTOL in the first place will massively reduce its range.
 
 
I can't recall seeing anything that looks as draggy and clumsy as this ever having been fielded?
 
The company plans to complete initial hover-phase testing at speeds up 20kt, but is looking for funding to modify the vehicle for medium-speed flights up to 40kt, which will involve making the aerodynamic control surfaces active. If it can secure funds, Aurora plans to build a second demonstrator for high-speed testing - one that can retract the lift fans, retract the gear and tilt the engine down.
 
And I will give anyone here good odds that if someone ever unwisely parts with said funds for development of a version that "may fly", it will be a very short lived and painful misadventure (as the vehicle inverts in a beautiful hyperbolic terminal dive). Look at other UCAV concepts currently being developed, I see far more potential for designs like Taranis (low RCS, large payload, flight-control-friendly, even as a prototype) than this sort of "transformers" approach with a tiny loadout, vast RCS, draggy ineffiient profile, lack of control surfaces, and inevitable software problems in flight. I will bet anyone here that this never gets anywhere near production.
 
Also, I can't help but thinking that it is worryingly easy to secure funding, i've seen many more interesting UAV/UCAV concepts than this, It's shocking, does anyone have any data as to what range they expect from it?
 
ReactivE
 
 
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DarthAmerica       7/23/2009 1:01:50 PM

What did you guys expect it to do? Capture Bin Ladin on its first flight?

This is a development program, and early in a development program at that.  When dealing with a novel propulsion system like that you start slowly and build from there.


Exactly. That's why I showed the X-35B video so that people can see that it's baby steps. You don't just jump in and start dogfighting Invid on a first flight. Some don't understand that and others are just trolling.

-DA 
 
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DarthAmerica    @ReactivE   7/23/2009 1:10:53 PM
Form follows function. There was another pane they said that about...

 

And lets not forget another FUGLY plane...

 

...Neither of them will win beauty contest. But their utility is unquestionable. It's the same for this design. Its a forward based VTOL CAS UAS. Believe me, on my last deployment, I could have used something like this.

-DA 
 
 
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Herald12345       7/23/2009 1:17:20 PM




And no controlled  roll or rotate-meaning that the simplest problems they haven't solved.




CRAP concept and an ignorant poster who doesn't see or understand why.










Carlo Kopp speaks! Unfortunately is is making an error again. Similar to how he did not understand that G-Hawks prototypes are different from production models. For the benefit of others I'll explain about this so you don't get thrown off by Heralds insatiable appetite for trolling. This was a test flight with a specific objective. It's not uncommon for test aircraft to fly for a particular purpose in order to validate an aspect of the design. For instance VTOL...


link target="_blank">link width="425" height="344">


 


 


...No complex maneuver there either. Well I guess we have another crap design...lol 




 

-DA

 

Some more from the prevaricator?
 
 

 















 You want to prevaricate and make false analogies.? Your ego is getting ion the way of your go0od judgement. Got it?
 
It doesn't matter what you claim. What I saw was that you posted, asserted and claimed falsehoods again. HERE us a flight test to prove prototype flight regime as properly described.
 
We have a STOVL transition seen, whereas the crap you posted doesn't even show good 2 axis control on that "prototype"..

If they can't transition from the hover without the wobble seen, then their concept like your foolish assertion is WORTHLESS.
 
 
 
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Reactive       7/23/2009 1:18:11 PM

Form follows function. There was another pane they said that about...




 




And lets not forget another FUGLY plane...




 




...Neither of them will win beauty contest. But their utility is unquestionable. It's the same for this design. Its a forward based VTOL CAS UAS. Believe me, on my last deployment, I could have used something like this.




-DA 

 
I'm afraid I disagree, both of those platforms look and behave (aerodynamically) as planes, they rely on conventional wings, and a conventional approach to balance, center of gravity, center of pressure, flight surfaces, Both of those designs look like good solutions to the particular missions they were designed for, but crucially, neither looks (aerodynamically) anything like as clumsy and potentially uncontrollable as (in my opinion) "Exacalibur" does.
 
The flight control software to maintain stability on this thing is going to be COMPLEX, and particularly as you don't have a pilot on board, I think it's going to be incredibly hard to keep it stable. Can you imagine the computations involved in performing a "roll" - Look at the CGI - they just rotated it on its z-axis, no consideration for drag, pressure, gravity, when this "inverts" its going to encounter a lot of problems, just as it will when it moves from hover in to forward flight. 
 
I'm not against designs that push the limit of conventional wisdom, as you cited, those are two good examples, but this just looks to me like bad design. Don't reinvent the wheel unnecessarily to produce a plane that performs a very limited roll compared to just about everything out there when in foward flight. The fact that it can't hover + fire is pathetic for a system that is designed to provide an alternative to gunship support.
 
I always respect what you say for many reasons, but in this case I do personally think this design stinks, it looks wrong so immediately in so many ways that I feel it is a case of pushing "what is possible" as opposed to what is optimised, effective, and practical. 
 
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Herald12345    Test   7/23/2009 1:19:47 PM
 
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Rufus       7/23/2009 1:27:02 PM
I agree that this design looks unwieldy, or at the least needlessly complex...
 
...but that doesn't mean a vehicle with similar capabilities wouldn't be useful.  
 
Really what this makes me think of are is the YAK-141 with its two dedicated lift engines. 
 
 
 
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Reactive       7/23/2009 1:29:12 PM
Think about it another way, the ONLY advantage in this UCAV being shaped in the way that it is is for vertical take off, it results in an aerodynamic compromise that is unacceptable, there are (as herald says) many ways to get around that problem to get this in the air which then leave you with freedom to design something that can maneuver and handle like a plane, why resort to such massively limiting design choices just to solve one problem.
 
I'd trade the VTOL for speed, range, manauverability, payload, persistence. 
 
Look at the level of relative simplicity of the predator system, and the relatively high level of crashes even with a relatively aerodynamic and aircraft-like profile, this thing is going to fall out of the sky a LOT and to fix that is going to require massive amounts of expensive development. It's more complex than osprey in terms of what has to happen for it to work as advertised.
 
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Herald12345    Test. I'm fighting buggy software.   7/23/2009 1:32:46 PM



Well all I can say is that for an amateur who knows nothing about a concept proof or actual testing, that poster has shown me nothing but errors and a basic ignorance of aerodynamics and flight regime testing, and tries to argue about a subject about which he actually demonstrates yet again he knows nothing.
 
At some point he's going to have to produce an example of pitch/yaw control where he can show me that thus piece of junk can actually point at something and move toward it.
 
In the meantime he can Carlo Kopphead all he wants. All he does here is make himself look foolish.
 
Not hard for him to do, actually. 
 
Herald
  
 
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DarthAmerica    @ReactivE   7/23/2009 1:57:01 PM

I'm afraid I disagree, both of those platforms look and behave (aerodynamically) as planes, they rely on conventional wings, and a conventional approach to balance, center of gravity, center of pressure, flight surfaces, Both of those designs look like good solutions to the particular missions they were designed for, but crucially, neither looks (aerodynamically) anything like as clumsy and potentially uncontrollable as (in my opinion) "Exacalibur" does.

 
Should I post Harrier safety records?
 

The flight control software to maintain stability on this thing is going to be COMPLEX, and particularly as you don't have a pilot on board, I think it's going to be incredibly hard to keep it stable. Can you imagine the computations involved in performing a "roll" - Look at the CGI - they just rotated it on its z-axis, no consideration for drag, pressure, gravity, when this "inverts" its going to encounter a lot of problems, just as it will when it moves from hover in to forward flight. 

 Thats why the Excaliburs flight control is autonomous. Computers today can easily handle this. Speaking of which, even a man could not control fighters like the F-16 without help from a computer due to the necessity of a FCS capable of dealing with the instability. 

I'm not against designs that push the limit of conventional wisdom, as you cited, those are two good examples, but this just looks to me like bad design. Don't reinvent the wheel unnecessarily to produce a plane that performs a very limited roll compared to just about everything out there when in foward flight. The fact that it can't hover + fire is pathetic for a system that is designed to provide an alternative to gunship support.

If the payload consist of PGMs IMHO a hover is not necessary for firing.
 

I always respect what you say for many reasons, but in this case I do personally think this design stinks, it looks wrong so immediately in so many ways that I feel it is a case of pushing "what is possible" as opposed to what is optimised, effective, and practical.  
 
It maybe that it isn't worth it after the testing. But that is something we wont know until complete. What I do know, is an armed VTOL UAS with a 400kts dash speed, 100kts loiter for at least 2-8 hours would have been a very useful tool for us in OIF. Especially due to the basing flexibility of not being tied to runways.  I have to be careful but I can share this...

  


 

---all of those Camps and FOBs could support this UAS. With enough of them, considering their speed and a few hours of loiter plus being armed, the routes could be made a lot more secure and it would free up a lot of the CAS burden off of manned platforms and for considerably less in terms of operations and support cost.

I agree with you the design is unorthodox but then the requirements are unique. If this was last decade I'd agree the difficulty associated with its flight characteristics would be too much. But these days, considering the state of the art, this is not going to be too difficult for autonomous FCS software. Consider, that a computer recovered a sub scale F/A-18 missing a wing after catastrophic damage...

 

 
Excalibur is not going to be an issue for a computer IMHO. And ReactivE, I appreciate your disagreement...;)

-DA 

 
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Reactive       7/23/2009 2:09:18 PM
Apart from which, the harrier/f35 are operationally STOVL rather than VTOL primarily because of fuel/range considerations, and the ability to use shorter and more readily available highways/runways/ramps than are possible with normal airframes. This UCAV is operationally VTOL, reliant on direct thrust for lift, and will burn a significant proportion of its fuel in this phase of flight.
 
The "inversion" is going to be more of a tumble due to the position of the wings, wheras a jet can maintain axial stability during a roll, this will (in my view) have a tendency towards violent lateral oscillation due to small flight surfaces, the software to manage this is going to be utterly hellish to develop.

I think it's amazing that the inversion is necessary, if the weapons are susceptible to dust could they not simply be covered by protective panels that could be dropped/retracted? I can't believe the simplest solution is to build a brick that has to perform a flip despite having wings mounted in exactly the wrong place to do so with stability.
 
So the Excalibur:
 
a) hovers (inverted) from ground level to a preset altitude
b) moves (inverted) to forward flight, climbs to a safe altitude to:
c) Flip & regain lift.
d) functions in combat as a non-hovering aircraft with a medium/low speed and poor manauverability.
 
Seems like massive compromises for small dividends to me. Darth, i'm sure that having autonomous air cover would have assisted you on operations, I just think that this particular concept is going to be far too expensive to develop to ever see the light of day, and seems a very clumsy solution to a set of challenging problems that in my opinion could be resolved in other ways.
 

 
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DarthAmerica    @ReactivE   7/23/2009 2:26:08 PM

Seems like massive compromises for small dividends to me. Darth, i'm sure that having autonomous air cover would have assisted you on operations, I just think that this particular concept is going to be far too expensive to develop to ever see the light of day, and seems a very clumsy solution to a set of challenging problems that in my opinion could be resolved in other ways.



And I'm not disagreeing with you. Nor am I in agreement. I'm completely neutral on the design. I'm waiting to see them make it work. As an engineer I know that it's well within the realm of possibility to make this work. The only question is how does the solution compare to alternatives. However, what I really care about is the requirement and performance characteristics. If they get a UAS to me that can do what Excalibur is attempting to do, that's awesome. VTOL is a very critical part of this requirement IMHO. So demonstrating this is crucial.

-DA 

 




 
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Reactive       7/23/2009 2:48:56 PM




Seems like massive compromises for small dividends to me. Darth, i'm sure that having autonomous air cover would have assisted you on operations, I just think that this particular concept is going to be far too expensive to develop to ever see the light of day, and seems a very clumsy solution to a set of challenging problems that in my opinion could be resolved in other ways.










And I'm not disagreeing with you. Nor am I in agreement. I'm completely neutral on the design. I'm waiting to see them make it work. As an engineer I know that it's well within the realm of possibility to make this work. The only question is how does the solution compare to alternatives. However, what I really care about is the requirement and performance characteristics. If they get a UAS to me that can do what Excalibur is attempting to do, that's awesome. VTOL is a very critical part of this requirement IMHO. So demonstrating this is crucial.




-DA 



 











But how you approach VTOL is the operative factor.
 
Let's assume we HAVE to have VTOL.
 
Ramp/Rail Launched: Not a huge problem for a UCAV because there are higher G-Tolerances than humans can endure, and in any case even with humans this has been achieved.
 
Heli: Smaller range, better persistence, better support for you guys on the ground, better loadout.
 
I understand what you are saying in that you won't pass judgement before you see the results. My point is really whether you should design flight control software to make a "brick" fly rather than making an optimised airframe, solving the VTOL in other ways, and using readily available FCS solutions that apply more readily to "conventional airframes". 
 
And another thing, a "gut" feeling, it doesn't look right for flight, it doesn't look convincing to me, it needs larger, flatter wings in order to be efficient, I think when you see the projected ranges emerge you might well be surprised at how much of the fuel is expended getting it off the ground in the first place.
 
The CGI shows a flawless inversion at very low altitude, I KNOW for a fact that it won't roll in the manner presented, it will lose height and lift and roll off-axis, in reality this thing is going to need to climb quite high in its inverted position, this is going to mean it a) has to achieve a higher speed inverted, or b) has to get "higher" in hover mode. Either way it's going to use a lot of fuel in a very inefficient flight profile, again, for the sake of solving a VTOL requirement by making an airframe that is unwieldy rather than finding another mechanism for getting a more efficient airframe in the air.
 
I think a "good design" is one that is optimally designed for the business-end of its requirement, in this case, it is to be a loitering UCAV, I am sure that you, as an engineer, can see that this is not an optimal airframe, it has massively compromised on its flight characteristics.
 
I just see absolutely no justification for its design.
 
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FJV    Apples and oranges   7/23/2009 4:23:15 PM
The F35 VTOL does not compare to the UAV concept.
 
"http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200206/fallows"
 
But in the Marine Corps version a shaft would be connected to the front of the engine and would spin, like the engine's turbines, at thousands of revolutions per minute. The patent for the lift fan covered a system for connecting this whirling shaft, through clutches and a gearbox that joined two shafts at a ninety-degree angle, to a very large fan that would take in air from vents at the top of the plane and then whoosh it out the bottom.

The F35 VTOL feature consists of:
- One single engine
- A lift fan
- A clutch
- A gearbox
- Actuated Panel doors
- Thrust vectoring
 
While very complex in a lot of ways the VTOL F35 is still much simpler and likely to be more robust/relieable than the UAV design IMHO.
 


 
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Herald12345    He gets it.   7/23/2009 7:38:05 PM

The F35 VTOL does not compare to the UAV concept.


 

"http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200206/fallows"

 

But in the Marine Corps version a shaft would be connected to the front of the engine and would spin, like the engine's turbines, at thousands of revolutions per minute. The patent for the lift fan covered a system for connecting this whirling shaft, through clutches and a gearbox that joined two shafts at a ninety-degree angle, to a very large fan that would take in air from vents at the top of the plane and then whoosh it out the bottom.





The F35 VTOL feature consists of:

- One single engine


- A lift fan

- A clutch

- A gearbox

- Actuated Panel doors

- Thrust vectoring


 

While very complex in a lot of ways the VTOL F35 is still much simpler and likely to be more robust/relieable than the UAV design IMHO.


 







That is what I meant by multiple point fails (CREF earluer in thread) and not relevant analogies: being sibstituted for TRUE ANALYSIS; like that fake F-18 battle damage limited and restricted proof of concept test that someone just cited again as proof of UAV damage tolerance, FJV. Good read on your part.. Point, set, match.

Herald
 
 
 
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