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Subject:
RE:Jimme and shooter and others: French tech second edition (more readable)
french stratege
9/18/2005 8:59:46 AM
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As I'm fed up to repost all time information for some readers concerning French position in military technology , I post here a summary which is from US Army Science and Technology Master Plan concerning foreign country position (1998).As you would notice by reading everything France is second to US in overall capacities followed by UK, Japan and Germany.
France also dominate in IR technologies (absolute world leader), control theory research (absolute world leader! ! See Chapter 2 of sciences : mathematics), battlefield communications (absolute world leader! See Chapter 7 of sciences : Electronics Research), ceramic/carbon composites , photonics, armor and survivability, hypervelocity, Radio Frequency Directed-Energy Weapons, batteries, FBW etc?
link
The DGA (French General Directorate for Weapons) report of 2004 confirm that and also that France as an advance of 3 years on USA , in 4% of military fields measured on 600 fields.
Technology:
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2. AEROSPACE PROPULSION AND POWER
France is a world leader in :
High-temperature structures
Rotorcraft propulsion
Bearingless rotor hub
High-temperature lubricants
Small Turbine Engines : France, Germany, and the U.K. are at or nearly at a par with the U.S. in many aspects.
One area offering special opportunities relates to the French expertise in ceramic materials for gas turbine engines. ..While the U.S., Germany, and Japan also are world leaders in ceramic technologies, France is a recognized leader in ceramic/carbon composites, which are most applicable to gas turbine engines. Existing agreements with France provide a potential vehicle for establishing a cooperative agreement in this area.
France has expertise in bearingless rotor hubs, as does Germany.
Fuels and Lubricants : France and Germany are the only countries noted as having special capabilities, both in the area of high-temperature lubricants.
3. AIR VEHICLES
In addition to the capabilities in the U.S.-Canadian industrial base, Germany, France, the U.K., Russia, and Italy are all capable of designing and producing state-of-the-art military rotorcraft.
France is a world leader in :
Rotorcraft; CFD
Adaptive controls; fly-by-light
Crash survivability; C-C matrix ceramic
Smart structures
While the U.S. is the world leader in CFD and related techniques, France, Germany, and Israel have complementary world-leading efforts to improve and develop analytical techniques and generate experimental databases that may contribute to ASTMP goals in this area.
Foreign countries leading in flight control technology include the U.K., France, and Germany. France has strong capabilities in adaptive controls and in fly-by-light technology.
Advanced composite structures and fly-by-wire/light are becoming common in international aircraft. Technologies for military systems reside primarily in the few countries that produce military helicopters. Predominant among these are France, Germany, the U.K., and Italy.
Crash survivability is an area of special interest. France has expertise and in general is on a par with the U.S. in this area.
4. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DEFENSE
The U.K., France, Germany, and Japan all have strong capabilities in sensors, with France having particular strengths in remote sensing.
France is a world leader in :
Propagation & EMP effects
Blast & thermal
CBW agent point & remote sensing
Vehicle systems
Electronics decon
DIS
With regard to techniques for protecting military systems against EMP, the existing nuclear powers-the U.S., U.K., France, and Russia-have the most practical experience.
With regard to techniques for protecting military systems against nuclear weapon effects, the existing nuclear powers-the U.S., U.K., France, and Russia-have the most practical experience.
The U.S. and France (with whom there is an existing agreement for work in this area) are world leaders in laser technology and in CBW-related technologies, and have exchanged much information in CBW research and testing. French R&D may contribute to development of standoff biological agent detection and identification capability using laser light scattering techniques.
Individual Protection :
However only a few countries-notably the U.S., U.K., Germany, France,Russia, and Israel-have extensive capabilities in meeting the requirements demanded for operational military use. Germany has a major mask effort under way, as does France.
Decontamination of waste sites and the demilitarization of energetic materials. Japan, the U.K., Germany, France, Israel, and the Nordic group (Norway, Sweden, and Denmark) have significant capabilities in segments of this area. France is particularly strong in developing bioprocessing techniques for disposing of energetic materials (explosives and propellants).
The U.K., France, Germany,Canada, and Israel all have or have had active programs that provide a potential basis for cooperation in M&S of atmospheric effects on agent dispersion.
5. INDIVIDUAL SURVIVABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY
France is a world leader in :
Soldier systems (ballistic protection)
Batteries for man-portable systems
France has special expertise in ballistic protection for individual soldiers.
France and Russia also have significant capabilities in selected aspects of secondary batteries. Advanced lithium and nickel-metal-hydride batteries and fuel cells offer exceptional energy densities and longer operating life, which are key factors in man-portable weapons and sensors.
Ongoing efforts with France offer special opportunities to accelerate the development of low-cost, long-life power sources based on these technologies.
6. COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATIONS
France is a world leader in :
Battlefield interoperability
Real-time distributed communications; switching systems; machine translation; C2 simulation
Mission planning
France, Germany, and the U.K. are major players in all aspects of communication networks and in battlefield interoperability.
Battlespace Command and Control (BC2)-Seamless information transfer in C2 to include collaborative planning, intelligence, logistics, and weather. France, Germany, and the U.K. all have significant capabilities and ongoing cooperative relationships with the U.S. to develop joint C2 capabilities.
Tactical Level Allied/Coalition Force C2 Simulation-Providing a tactical level C2 exercise for a U.S.-French allied task force utilizing DIS protocols in a Janus environment.
France, Germany, and the U.K. have significant capabilities in information management and distribution. Real-Time Distributed Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Based Data Fusion-Applications of distributed intelligent systems to real-time data fusion and combat battle management: France has extensive experience and a sound information technology infrastructure combined with strong capabilities in battlefield communications.
Next-Generation Tactical Switches-To increase information flow to and from the land forces (Army) commander: France has significant capabilities in this area of technology.
Machine Translation-For information exchange between U.S. and allied forces in combined operation. Two areas are of special interest, one with Germany and one with France.
France and the U.K. have special capabilities in the area of fuzzy logic technology that offer opportunities for potential cooperative efforts.
The French are doing world-class research on automated mission planning and decision making.
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7. COMPUTING AND SOFTWARE
In addition to France, which is recognized as a world leader in photonics, Japan and Russia have had strong programs in optical computing.
France is a world leader in :
Optical processing
Tactical fiber optic systems
Visually-coupled systems
Massively parallel processing (MPP) and neural network programming could be applied to numerous applications covered by ASTMP milestones and objectives. Only a few countries have the supporting infrastructure necessary for major R&D in these technologies. World leaders include the U.S., Japan, Germany, and to a lesser extent the U.K. and France.
Optical processing techniques:
World leaders in photonics/EO include the U.S. and Japan, followed by France, the U.K., and Germany.
All of the major telecommunications-producing nations -- the U.S., U.K., Japan,France, Germany,and Canada, followed closely by China and Israel, have good capabilities in fiber optic networks. In the critical area of switching the U.S., Canada, and the U.K. have the strongest technological positions, followed very closely by Germany and France.
In software one key to achieving our goals for M&S is the implementation of advanced algorithms, specifically for MPP. Currently only a few countries possess the supporting infrastructure necessary for major R&D in this area. World leaders include the U.S., Japan, Germany (with whom there is an active agreement), the U.K., and France.
Artificial Intelligence : In addition to work in the U.S., which is the world leader in this area, Japan?s RWC initiative has a strong component of AI. Strong capabilities in intelligent agents also reside in the U.K. and Germany, followed closely by France.
Human-Computer Interface : While the U.S. holds or shares a lead in most areas of HCI research, the U.K. (which has an existing cooperative effort in helmet-mounted displays (HMDs) with the Air Force and NASA Ames), France (visually-coupled displays and digital scene generation), Canada (head-mounted stereo displays and large data set visualization), Germany (applications to robotics and teleoperations), and Japan (visually-coupled systems) have world-leading development efforts.
8. CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS
Russia, France, Germany, and the U.K. are major developers of conventional weapons, followed closely in capability by Italy, Sweden, and Israel..
Army objectives for improvements in tungsten alloy penetrators may be furthered by cooperation with other countries, including the U.K. and France. France has strong capabilities in explosives and propulsion systems, including air-breathing hypervelocity propulsion systems.
France is a world leader in :
Hypervelocity propulsion
Capabilities to contribute to advanced fuzing for programmable/smart ordnance and aimable warheads and look-down/shoot-down antiarmor weapons, are primarily in the U.K. and France, with possible niche capabilities residing in Germany, Italy, and Sweden.
Germany, the U.K., and France, have leading capabilities in terminal guidance and control.
Opportunities for cooperation in intelligent mine/minefield technologies will be found in countries that couple historical capabilities in state-of-the-art land mines with strong capabilities in advanced sensors and electronics, such as the U.K. and France, followed closely by Italy and Germany.
The U.S., France, the U.K., and Japan are the world leaders in formulation and production of advanced explosives and propellants.
Japan, Germany, and France, followed closely by the U.K. and Russia, have significant experience in the design, manufacture, and testing of air-breathing rocket motors and components.
Weapon Lethality and Vulnerability : The U.K., France, and Germany all have strong programs in M&S of weapons effects as well as extensive empirical databases. These countries have capabilities in armored systems, with France having a particular niche capability in helicopter structural survivability.
9. ELECTRONIC DEVICES
France is a world leader in :
IR FPA
MMIC; compound semiconductors
Molecular chemistry; biotechnology
Batteries
France has a strong capability in photonics, especially in the areas of optical switching and IR FPAs. Of particular interest is the design, fabrication, and packaging of smart FPAs into a single (monolithic) structure, for which France has the requisite expertise and supporting infrastructure. French scientists are working with the Army at Fort Belvoir on the technical challenge of growing cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) and mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) on silicon (Si). This work could overcome a major barrier to implementing a monolithic smart FPA, and could lead to a whole new generation of high-density, 2D sensor arrays.
France, Germany, Japan, and the U.K. all have significant capabilities in MMIC technology and the compound semiconductor technology on which they are based.
France has strong capabilities in molecular chemistry that may be applied to nanoelectronics.
France and the U.K. have special capabilities in advanced microscopy and biotechnology that could prove important to nanoelectronics.
Japan is a world leader in virtually all aspects of portable electrical power with strength in batteries, fuel cells, power control devices, and switching components. France has significant capabilities in lithium-ion, lithium polymer, nickel-metal-hydride batteries, and in small-lot production of high-reliability batteries.
10. ELECTRONIC WARFARE/DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS
France is a world leader in :
HPM
Laser materials
Radio Frequency Directed-Energy Weapons : France is a leading producer of HPM tubes. Significant RF source development efforts also exist in the U.K..
Laser Directed-Energy Weapons
Japan is the leading producer of laser diodes, especially low-to-medium power devices and diode arrays, which are beginning to appear in a number of industrial and medical lasers. The U.K., France, and Russia also have significant capabilities in most areas of laser technology.
Diode-pumped solid-state lasers : The technical challenge is to develop improved materials. Two foreign groups are among the world leaders in the development of such materials: a research group at the Université de Lyon in France and a group at Universitat Hamburg in Germany.
11. CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
France is a world leader in :
Environmental protection; bioremediation; demil of energetic materials
Survivable structures; high-performance construction materials
Japan, the U.K., Germany, France, Israel, and the Nordic Group all have significant efforts in bioremediation (the use of biological organisms or their products (enzymes) to breakdown or neutralize a wide range of contaminants). The French in particular have had a longstanding interest and strong effort in biodegradation and demilitarization of energetic materials.
Civil Engineering : Foreign capabilities of most interest are in the areas of high performance construction materials (France), material systems and response of conventional structures to blasts (U.K.), and response of hardened structures to conventional weapons (Germany).
12. BATTLESPACE ENVIRONMENTS
France is a world leader in :
Remote sensing; IR FPA
Technology for application of the data to military uses (real-time generation and prediction of terrain signatures from stored or measured geographic/topographic data; mission planning and targeting; etc.) will be found predominately in the U.K., France, and Germany.
Remote sensing capabilities of interest include the French expertise on advanced IR FPAs, and the Japanese strength in CC&Ds and IR sensors.
13. HUMAN SYSTEMS INTERFACE
France is a world leader in :
Display; soldier-system interface
Ergonomics; performance modeling
Ergonomics
Performance modeling
A number of foreign countries have significant capabilities in HSI technologies. The U.S. has ongoing efforts with France and Germany in soldier-system interfaces, especially related to teleoperations.
Human performance modeling is a critical factor in meeting future Army requirements: France is recognized as a key international source for cooperative research in these aspects of HSI. Negotiations are underway with France on auditory research and ergonomics issues.
System Supportability : the cooperative effort with France mentioned above, related to ergonomics is directly related. The French are sharing modern ergonomic performance measuring instrumentation and techniques while the U.S. is sharing its MANPRINT suite of soldier-system performance enhancement tools.
The MANPRINT efforts will play an important role in the design integration subarea. Foreign capabilities are similar to the IMD subarea described above. The U.K., France, and Germany offer the most capabilities in terms of performance modeling.
14. PERSONNEL PERFORMANCE AND TRAINING
France is a world leader in :
Dynamic training & simulation
A number of foreign countries have significant capabilities in training and simulation technology. Canada, France, Germany.
The Netherlands, and the U.K. all have made valuable contributions and each represents considerable leveraging opportunities.
Canada?s advanced displays systems would be useful for all types of simulations, and the U.K. and France?s ability in human performance modeling and VR technology could enhance battlefield representations.
15. MATERIALS, PROCESSES, AND STRUCTURES
France is a world leader in :
Metal alloys; composites; ceramics
C-C ceramic part fabrication
Energy- absorbing structures; smart structures
As the table illustrates, a number of countries have strong capabilities in advanced materials. The U.K., France, and Germany all have expertise in metal alloys and composite materials. Noteworthy here is the special capabilities that France is developing in carbon-carbon (C-C) and other ceramics and in the design of crash survivable structures as noted elsewhere in this annex.
France has special skills in high-density tungsten carbide ceramics that has potential for armor technologies.
Structures
A growing area of worldwide research interest is smart structures-instrumented structural designs that adapt to external conditions and stimuli to optimize performance. The U.K., France, and Germany all have significant capabilities in this area and offer potential opportunities for cooperation.
As mentioned earlier, France has special expertise in developing crash-survivable and energy-absorbing materials.
16. MEDICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
No one country has a commanding lead. However, virtually all developed countries (including U.K., France, and Germany) will have significant national research programs capable of contributing to U.S. Army requirements.
France is a world leader in :
Infectious diseases
virology
CBD
17. SENSORS
France is a world leader in :
Optical switching of microwave power
IR FPA; laser sensors; multidomain sensors
Seismic
Signal processing; combat ID
Multisensor integration
The U.S. has traditionally enjoyed a strong lead in military radar systems, particularly in the area of electronically steerable phased array radars. The U.K., France, and Germany, and to a lesser extent, Japan and Israel all have significant capabilities and niches of excellence.
Noteworthy highlights include France?s expertise in optical distribution and switching of microwave energy, and Japan?s world leadership position in electronic components. MMIC components are especially important for MMW radars and the U.K., France, Germany, and Japan all have strong capabilities in this area of technology.
France is recognized as a world leader in state-of-the-art IR FPAs. Their work on HgCdTe large-area staring arrays could be important for future multidomain smart sensors. ARL and scientists from LETI (Grenoble, France) are cooperating to develop techniques to grow buffer layers on Si that would allow integration of the HgCdTe detectors and Si readout in much larger arrays.
France also has special capabilities in short wavelength (visible and UV) lasers that are very important for some optical countermeasures and standoff biological agent detection.Appropriate laser media are required to take full advantage of advances in laser diodes and diode pumping technologies. The Université de Lyon has special expertise in highly efficient laser emission and extensive knowledge of UV-emitting materials.
Most modern armies have some ongoing work in battlefield acoustic sensors, with no one country having a dominant capability. The U.K. and France offer strong capabilities related to seismic sensors and Israel provides unique opportunities in acoustic sensors.
Automatic Target Recognition Sensors : The U.K., France, and Germany all have strong capabilities in signal processing for ATR and combat ID, and are close enough allies to share some sensitive target/threat information.
France has special expertise in ATR algorithms for use in multisensor (forward-looking IR, MMW, and possibly laser radar) systems that could be helpful in developing real-time multisensor techniques. Integrated Platform Electronics: The U.K. and Germany have special capabilities in vehicle integration that is of interest and France has special expertise in multisensor integration that is relevant to IPE.
18. GROUND VEHICLES
France is a world leader in :
Modular armor
Secondary batteries
Multisensor integration
The major players in ground vehicle systems integration and design are the U.K., France, Germany, Israel, Japan, and Russia, all of whom have a long history of developing and manufacturing military armored systems including main battle tanks.
France has special capabilities in secondary batteries, such as lithium polymer, which are of great interest for military applications, due to their high energy and power density, long life cycle, and rapid charge/discharge abilities.
19. MANUFACTURING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
France is a world leader in :
Bioprocess engineering
Large-scale production of biomaterials and products is necessary to capitalize on emerging biotechnology developments : The U.S. is an overall world leader in this area, with several nations having significant capabilities including the U.K., Japan, Germany, France, Canada, Israel, The Netherlands, and the Nordic Group.
In the future, international developments are likely to drive greater standardization in manufacturing engineering support tools, including CASE, virtual prototyping, and enterprise integration and control technologies. Already we are seeing rapid growth in technologies for distributed design and management of very complex enterprises in highly industrialized countries, notably Japan, the U.K., France, Germany, and throughout the EC.
20. MODELING AND SIMULATION
France is a world leader in :
Dynamic training simulation
M&S
VR
In addition to Canada, the U.K., Australia, and New Zealand-all of whom participate with the U.S. in TTCP-France, Germany, and The Netherlands have strong capabilities in M&S, and in the underlying information systems technologies required to distribute and process the information.
In the area of simulator interfaces, leading technologies are found primarily in those countries that have been traditionally strong in dynamic training and simulation-Canada (which is also developing significant capabilities in data visualization), the U.K., France, and Germany, and in Japan, which is actively pursuing the development of VR for industrial applications, including visualization of complex systems and enterprises.
Sciences:
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2. MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
Germany, France, and the U.K. are all considered to be on a par with the U.S. in a number of these areas of mathematics research.
France is a world leader in :
Bolzman?s equations; dynamic systems; computer vision
Finite elements; nonsmooth optimization
Computer algebra
Control theory
Levy processes
Advanced work in finite element analysis in France and Germany can be applied to the problems of the design and function of complex mechanical structures. Also of interest are international research efforts in linear algebra (France) and computational geometry (Czech Republic) that are applicable to the development of new computer network hardware and software platforms.
France is considered a world leader in control theory research. The U.K., Germany, Japan,Canada, China, and Russia have significant capabilities in this area as well.
3. COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES
Though the U.S. is the world leader in most aspects of theoretical computer science, many other nations show strong capabilities, including the U.K., Germany, Japan, Netherlands,France, Russia, and Sweden. India is beginning to develop a strong research base in these fields.
France, Hungary, and the Netherlands are also quite advanced and have active programs in language processing.
4. PHYSICS
France is a world leader in :
Molecular chemistry
Optoelectronics; signal processing; optical computing
Optical switching
Signature reduction; lasers; IR FPAs
Sensors
HELs; sensing of CB agents
Signal processing; software & modeling
Photonics research seeks to develop optical subsystems for military applications such as information storage, displays, optical switching, signal processing, and optical interconnections of microelectronic systems. The U.K., France, Germany, and Japan have ongoing research in the various areas of photonics.
Research in obscured visibility and novel sensing seeks to provide the Army the ability to operate on the ground in conditions of poor visibility, as well as providing significant control of physical signatures. The U.K., France, and Japan have significant capabilities in the related technology areas. Obscured Visibility/Novel Sensing and Optical Warfare
Japan has world-class capabilities in novel sensing. The U.K. and France also have capabilities and obscured visibility and novel sensing techniques. Both of these countries have advanced programs in the development of novel semiconductor materials and devices for use in IR FPAs.
Image Analysis Enhancement Technology : This is an area where a number of countries are developing broad capabilities, including the U.K., France, Germany, and Japan.
5. CHEMISTRY
Chemical and Biological Defense : The U.K. and Canada have world-class capability and have ongoing efforts to provide better defense against CB agents. Israel, Sweden, Finland, France, Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland, China, The Netherlands,and Japan also have some capabilities.
Advanced Materials Research : The processing of NLO materials area is of importance to the Army because they are required for wavelength conversion in some laser systems and in personnel eye protectionThe U.K., France, and Russia have strong efforts in preparation and characterization of NLO materials.
Smart materials : Japan is a clear leader in some aspects. France, Germany, and South Korea have growing programs.
France is a world leader in :
Detection; protection; decon
Thick-sectioned glass reinforced composites are of interest to the Army because they offer weight savings while providing other systems-useful, stringent characteristics with controlled costs. Thick-sectioned composites of this kind offer the Army much in structural integrity. Major foreign capabilities in this area are rather widespread, including significant work in the U.K., France, Germany, and Japan.
Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) : The U.K., France, Canada, Germany, and Japan all have broad capabilities and research in PMCs.
Fire retarding materials for vehicles : The countries with strong capabilities in these areas are the U.K., France, and Israel.
Nearly all industrialized nations have programs of some extent in wear and corrosion. The strongest are in the U.K., Germany, Japan, France, Sweden, and Switzerland with niche capabilities existing elsewhere.
Soldier Power : The U.K., Germany, and France are leaders in these technologies with Japan close behind.
6. MATERIALS SCIENCE
Many nations have significant capability in the manufacturing and processing of advanced materials of interest to the Army. The U.K., France, Germany, and Japan are all at or near the forefront of research into the processing of steels, titanium, aluminum, PMCs, MMCs, superalloys, intermetallics, and C-C composites.
France is a world leader in :
CMC
Steel; AI; Ti; PMC; superalloys; intermetallics; C-C
MMC
Personnel armor; tungsten-carbine armor
Heavy armor; antiarmor
Optical & optoelectronic
Electronic & electrical
Magnetic
Ion implantation; machining, finishing, & polishing
Coatings
Metrology
NDE systems
Materials for Armor and Antiarmor : For armor, the U.K., France, Germany, Israel, and Russia are overall world leaders, along with the U.S.. For antiarmor projectile materials, the U.K., France, Israel, Sweden, and Russia have very significant and relevant dense alloy capabilities.
For processing of functional materials, the U.S. generally has the lead overall, but others (France, the U.K.,Germany, Japan, other European nations, and Russia) have strong capabilities that rival those of the U.S.. Japan is more advanced than the U.S. in some areas of electronic materials.
Materials surface engineering capabilities are widely held across the world. For precision machining and polishing, Japan, Germany, France, and the U.K. are very strong, as are Switzerland and Sweden. For coatings of many types, France, Germany, the U.K., and Russia are among the leaders. Areas of strength exist abroad in ion implantation and thin-film diamond deposition.
Nondestructive Characterization of Components : NDE of components divides into a few focus areas. For quality of materials produced, France, Germany, the U.K., other European countries, and Japan have increased capabilities with NDE systems. In all aspects of metrology, Japan is excellent, as are the U.K., France, and Germany.
7 ELECTRONICS RESEARCH.
France is a world leader in :
Photonics
World leader in battlefield communications
microwave tubes; antennas
Target recognition; sensors
Image analysis
JESSI/MEDEA programs
NLOs; antennas; low-power devices
Research in solid-state devices concentrates on the development of novel, robust, reliable multifunctional ultrafast/ultradense electronic, photonic, and optoelectronic components and architectures. : Japan and a number of European countries, through their JESSI/MEDEA program, are active in this area.
Mobile, Wireless Tactical Communications Systems and Networks : A number of countries have developed extensive research capabilities in niche areas ranging from C3 to networking, switching, and transmission. The U.K., France, Japan, and Germany are world leaders in this area.
Electromagnetics and Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Circuit Integration : Japan, with its research in MMIC devices and acoustic wave devices, is a leader in applicable areas. Again, European countries are involved through the JESSI/MEDEA consortium.
Image Analysis and Information Fusion : The U.K., Japan, France, Germany, Russia, Sweden, Italy, and Israel are active in these areas.
Minimum Energy, Low-Power Electronics, and Signal Processing : Japan has extensive experience in this area and is considered a world leader. Several countries in Europe, including the U.K., France, and Germany, have developing capabilities.
8. MECHANICAL SCIENCES
In the field of structures and dynamics, the U.K., Germany, Italy, France, and Japan all demonstrate world-class capabilities in smart/active structures and M&S development.
France is a world leader in :
Smart/active structures; M&S
CFD; theoretical
Experimental
Small GT; solid gun
Reciprocating engines
Fluid Dynamics : CFD studies in the U.K., France, and Japan can contribute significantly to missile, rotor, and explosive design. France and Japan also excel in theoretical ability and Japan also exhibits excellent experimental ability. The U.K., France, and Germany are maintaining a mature experimental capability.
Combustion and Propulsion : In the combustion and propulsion area, the U.K. and France both demonstrate world-class capabilities in small gas turbine engine development.
Solid gun propulsion development technology is resident in a number of countries, including the U.K., France, Germany, Canada, and Australia. Japan and South Africa both demonstrate significant future potential.
9. ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
The U.S. and Russia have been sharing space solar flare radiation data, which has aided in better prediction of communication and GPS navigation variances due to atmospheric scintillation in the equatorial and polar regions of the world. The U.K. andGermany have advanced programs in global and regional weather prediction. Japan has advanced work ongoing in ionosphere and troposphere interactions and predictions. France and Russia have wide technology coverage as well, with significant programs in atmospheric phenomenology.
The U.K., France, Israel, Germany,Japan, and Russia have strong technology coverage in low-level weather prediction.
10. TERRESTRIAL SCIENCES
International capabilities in areas related to Army goals include research on retrofit material systems in the U.K., geotechnical materials research in France, and precision experiments in structural response in Germany.
International capabilities in areas of research related to Army goals include studies of hydrogeology in Israel and Canada, and magnetohydrodynamics and hydrology work in France and the U.K..
11. MEDICAL RESEARCH
Combat Casualty Care :This research is actively explored in the the U.S., Canada, Germany, the U.K., France, Japan, Israel, Italy, and Sweden.
Medical, Chemical and Biological Defense : The U.S., Japan, France, the U.K., Germany, Sweden, and The Netherlands are leaders in this area.
12. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Microbiology, Physiology, and Pharmacology : The U.K., Japan, Germany, France, and Russia have a long tradition of expertise in these areas.
Biodegradative Process : The U.K., France, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Japan, Russia, and Israel have expertise in this area, with the U.K. and Israel particularly active in water purification.
The U.K., France, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, and Australia are developing advanced biomaterials for energy transduction applications.
A biochrome material is currently available from Germany. The U.K., Japan, France, The Netherlands, and Israel also have strong capabilities in this area.
13. BEHAVIORAL, COGNITIVE, AND NEURAL SCIENCES
Nations with extensive programs in the pharmaceutical area or in processed foods have capabilities here. These include the U.K., Japan, France, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Sweden, and German
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