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 News As History - September 7, 2008



March Military History

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Born
1 1456 King Wladyslaw Jagiello of Bohemia (1471-1516) & Hungary (1490-1516)
  1528 Duke Albrecht V von Wittelsbach "the Generous" of Bavaria
  1811 Robert Christie Buchanan, Brig. Gen. U.S., d. 1878
  1822 Albin Francisco Schoepf, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1886
  1822 Charles Champion Gilbert, Brig Gen, U.S.
  1828 James Fleming Fagan, Maj Gen, C.S.A., d. 1893
  1831 Hiram Bronson Granbury, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1864
  1852 Theophile Delcasse, statesman, architect of the "Entente Cordiale"
  1904 Glenn Miller, military bandmaster, MIA, 1944
  1922 Yitzak Rabin, Israeli general & PM
  1924 Donald "Deke" Slayton, USAF, astronaut (Apollo-Soyuz)
2 986 King Lothar of France (954-86), at 44
  1122 Count Floris II "the Fat" of Holland
  1127 Count Charles "the Good" of Flanders, murdered
  1316 Robert II the Steward, King of Scots (1371-90)
  1333 King Wladyslaw IV "the Short" & "the Great" of Poland
  1383 Count Amadeus VI of Savoy
  1409 Duke Jean II d'Alencon, Comrade to Jeanne d'Arc
  1459 Adrian Dedel - Pope Adrian VI (1522-1523)
  1481 Franz von Sickingen, knight, adventurer, intriguer, kia 1523
  1793 Samuel P. Houston, President of Texas (1836-38, 1841-44)
  1810 Giacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci - Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903)
  1824 Henry Beebee Carrington, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1912
  1828 Jefferson Columbus Davis, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1879
  1829 Carl Schurz, Maj Gen, U.S.,
  1876 Eugenio Pacelli - Pope Pius XII, (1939-58) (see Events)
  1895 Khedive Ismail Pasha of Egypt (1863-79), at 64
  1904 Dr. Seuss, who fought Nazis with a pen
  1916 Queen Elisabeth of Romania, at 72
  1931 Mikhail Gorbachev, last head of the Soviet Union (1985-91)
  1979 Mustafa Barzani, Kurdish leader, at 75
3 1747 Kasimir Pulaski, Polish and American patriot, kia
  1895 Matthew Ridgeway, who jumped into Normandy
  1899 Alfred Gruenther, US, commanding general, NATO, 1953-56
  1942 Vladimir V Kovalyonok, cosmonaut (Soyuz 25, 29, T-4)
4 1133 Henry Plantagenet of Anjou - King Henry II of England
  1394 Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal
  1798 John Joseph Abercrombie, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1877
  1826 John Buford, Maj Gen, U.S., who opened the ball at Gettysburg, d. 1863
  1828 Elisha Franklin "Bull" Paxton, Brig Gen, C.S.A.
  1903 Luis Carrero Blanco, Spanish admiral and Premier (1967-1973), assassinated 1973
5 1324 David II, King of Scotland(1331-71)
  1326 King Ladislas I "the Great" of Hungary (1342-82) & Poland(1370-82)
  1512 Gerard Mercator, mapmaker
  1574 William Oughtred, inventor of the slide rule
  1585 Elector Johan Georg I of Saxon (1611-56)
  1825 John Dunovant, Brig Gen, C.S.A., KIA 1864
  1853 Howard Pyle, illustrator ("The Pirates")
  1953 Valery Grigoriyevich Korzun, Russian cosmonaut
6 1405 King Juan II of Castille
  1475 Michelangelo Buonarrotti, military engineer
  1482 Francesco Guicciardini, diplomat, historian ("History of Florence & the Affairs of Italy")
  1619 Cyrano de Bergerac, soldier, poet d. 1655
  1779 Antoine-Henri Jomini, soldier, author ("The Art of War"), d. 1869
  1820 Horatio Gouverneur Wright, Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1899
  1831 Philip "Little Phil" Sheridan, Gen, U.S., d. 1888
  1835 Charles Ewing, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1883
  1844 Nicolai Rimski-Korsakov, naval officer, composer (NS = 3/18)
  1923 Ed McMahon, Marine fighter pilot, TV personalisty
7 189 P. Septimius Geta, Roman co-Emperor (Feb 4-Dec ?, 211), until murdered by his brother Caracalla
  1693 Carlo della Torre Rezzonico - Pope Clement XIII (1758-1769)
  1707 Stephen Hopkins, Signer of the Declaration of Independence
  1785 Alessandro Manzoni, author ("The Betrothed")
  1827 Henry DeLamar Clayton, Maj Gen, C.S.A., d. 1889
  1831 John Bratton, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1898
  1832 Orlando Metcalfe Poe, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1895
  1904 Reinhard Heydrich, Nazi, assassinated 1942
  1940 Viktor Petrovich Savinykh, cosmonaut (Soyuz T-4)
8 1748 Prince Wilhelm V of Orange-Nassau
  1799 Simon Cameron, crooked Secretary of War, 1861, d. 1889
  1836 Matthew Calbraith Butler, Maj Gen, C.S.A.
  1841 Oliver Wendell Holmes, one of thosse "touched by fire"
  1891 Sam Jaffee, actor ("Gunga Din")
  1952 Aleksandr A Volkov, Russian cosmonaut
9 1454 Amerigo Vespucci, explorer
  1839 Felix Huston Robertson, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1928
  1881 Enver Pasha, Young Turk, kia 1922
  1890 Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov, henchman to Stalin, d 1986
  1900 Duke Aimone of Spoleto, King of Croatia (1941-43)
  1946 German Semyonovich Arzamazov, Russian cosmonaut
  1959 Barbie
  1970 Melissa Rathburn-Nealy, American soldier, POW, Iraq, 1991
10 1452 King Ferdinand II "the Catholic" of Aragon and Sicily
  1503 Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1558-64)
  1538 Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk; executed by Queen Elizabeth, 1572
  1776 Queen Louise of Prussia; "The only man in Prussia" - Napoleon
  1824 Thomas James Churchill, Maj Gen, C.S.A., d. 1905
  1830 Robert Lowry, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1910
  1832 William Henry Penrose, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1903
  1845 Tsar Alexander III (1881-94)
  1964 Prince Edward Windsor, the Earl of Wessex
  1966 Pavel Petrovich Mukhortov, Russian cosmonaut
11 1544 Torquato Tasso, poet, d. 1595
  1731 Robert Treat Paine, Signer of the Declaration of Independence
  1811 Marsena Rudolph Patrick, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1888
  1818 John Wilkins Whitfield, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1879
  1822 Allison Nelson, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1862
  1832 William Ruffin Cox, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1919
  1840 Edmund Kirby, Jr, Brig Gen, U.S., d/w 1863
  1890 Vannevar Bush, chairman of the National Defense Research Committee, 1940-1945
  1892 Raoul Walsh, director ("Battle Cry")
  1892 Wladyslaw Anders, Polish General
  1899 King Frederick IX of Denmark (1947-72)
  1907 Helmuth von Moltke, politician, anti-Hitler conspirator
12 1336 Duke Edward of Gelre (1361-71)
  1479 Giuliano de' Medici, Lord of Florence
  1816 David Stuart, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1868
  1818 John Lorimar Worden, naval officer, U.S., d. 1897
  1821 Prince-Regent Luitpold of Bavaria
  1823 William Flank Perry, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1901
  1827 John Robert Jones, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1901
  1827 William Richard Terry, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1897
  1830 William Felix Brantley, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1870
  1863 Gabriele D'Annunzio, poet & condottiero, d 1938
  1864 Charles Young, USMA 1889, the first black colonel in the Regular Army, d. 1923
  1877 Wilhelm Frick, Nazi "Protector" of Bohemia and Moravia
  1881 Mustafa Kemal Attaturk, d. 1938
  1911 President Gustavo Diaz Ordaz of Mexico (1964-1970)
  1923 Walter "Wally" Schirra, Jr, USN, astronaut
13 1615 Antonio Pignatelli - Pope Innocent XII (1691-1700)
  1696 Louis, duc de Richelieu, Marshal of France
  1763 Guillaume Marie Anne Brune, Marshal of France, k. 1815
  1764 Earl Grey, Prime Minister (1830-34)
  1818 Albion Parris Howe, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1897
  1820 Louis Herbert, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1901
  1913 William J Casey, CIA director, 1981-87
  1914 Edward H. “Butch” O’Hare, naval ace, MoH, mia 1943.
14 1804 Johann Strauss the Elder, composer ("The Radetzky March")
  1808 Catharinus Putnam Buckingham, Brig Gen, U.S.,
  1816 Montgomery Dent Corse, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1895
  1820 King Victor Emanuel II of Sardinia (1849-61) and Italy (1861-78)
  1823 Roswell Sabine Ripley, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1887
  1833 John Sappington Marmaduke, Maj Gen, C.S.A
  1844 King Umberto I of Italy (1878-1900), assassinated, 1900
  1879 Albert Einstein
  1903 Mustafa Barzani, Kurdish nationalist
  1928 Frank Borman, astronaut
  1933 Michael Caine, actor ("Zulu")
  1934 Eugene Cernan, USN, astronaut
  1939 William B Lenoir, astronaut
  1958 Prince Albert Alexandre Louis Pierre of Monaco
15 1493 Anne Pierre Adrien, Duke of Montmorency, Marshal of France
  1638 Shunzhi, Emperor of China (1643-1661)
  1767 Andrew Jackson, soldier and president (1828-37)
  1811 Robert Allen, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1886
  1831 Edward Aylesworth Perry, Brig Gen, C.S.A.
  1905 Count Berthold von Stauffenberg, soldier, unsuccessful assassin, executed, 1944
  1905 Joe Ross, actor ("Sgt Ritzik" - the Phil Silvers Show)
  1932 Alan Lavern Bean, USN, astronaut (Apollo 12, Skylab 3)
  1947 Larisa Grigoriyevna Pozharskaya, Russian cosmonaut
16 1739 George Clymer, Signer of the Declaration of Independence
  1751 James Madison, militiaman, President (1809-1817), d. 1836
  1802 George Archibald McCall, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1868
  1812 Henry Dwight Terry, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1869
  1822 John Pope, Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1892
  1832 Charles Camp Doolittle, Brig Gen, U.S.
  1856 Prince Imperial Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, kia Zululand, 1879
  1878 Cardinal Clemens Graf von Galen of Munster, anti-Nazi
  1878 Reza Pahlawi, Shah of Persia
  1911 Josef Mengele, Nazi war criminal, d. 1979
  1927 Vladimir M Komarov, Russia cosmonaut
  1932 Walter M Cunningham, USMC, astronaut (Apollo 7)
17 1473 King James IV of Scotland (1488-1513)
  1804 James Bridger, mountain man
  1828 Patrick Cleburne, Maj. Gen., C.S.A., kia, 1864
  1832 Walter Quintin Gresham, Brig Gen., U.S.
  1930 James B Irwin, USAF, astronaut (Apollo 15)
  1936 Thomas K Mattingly II, USN, astronaut
18 1286 Alexander III, King of Scotland
  1609 King Frederick III of Denmark & Norway (1648-70)
  1765 Baron David Chasse, Dutch general, ally and enemy of Napoleon
  1782 John Caldwell Calhoun, greatest Secretary of War
  1829 William Robertson Boggs, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1911
  1837 Grover Cleveland, draft dodger, president (1885-89, 93-97)
  1838 Randal Cremer, Nobel Peace Prize, 1903
  1839 Francis Fessenden, Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1906
  1848 Nathaniel Herreshoff, yacht & torpedo boat designer
  1858 Rudolph Diesel, who made a little engine
  1869 Neville Chamberlain, British Prime Minister (1937-40), appeaser
  1892 Robert Tristram Coffin, war poet and correspondent
  1893 Wilfred Owen, soldier-poet ("Anthem for a Doomed Youth")
  1899 Lavrenti Beria, henchman to Stalin, k. 1953
  1920 Karol Wojtyla - Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)
19 1603 King John IV "the Fortunate" of Portugal(1640-56)
  1734 Thomas McKean, Signer of the Declaration of Independence
  1813 David Livingstone, who got "lost" in Africa
  1817 Lewis Henry Little, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1862
  1819 David Henry Williams, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1891
  1821 Francis Barretto Spinola, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1884
  1821 Sir Richard Francis Burton, soldier, adventurer, litterateur
  1827 Alexander Shaler, Brig Gen., U.S., d. 1911
  1837 Robert Daniel Johnston, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1919
  1848 Wyatt Earp, "Brave, Courageous, and Bold"
  1860 William Jennings Bryan, sometime colonel, U.S.V.
  1883 Joseph Stilwell - "Vinegar Joe", d. 1946
  1889 King Manoel II of Portugal (1908-10)
  1905 Albert Speer, Nazi con artist
  1906 Adolf Eichman, Nazi mass murderer
  1925 Brent Scowcroft, Air Force general, NSA advisor
20 41 Marcus Didius Falco, soldier, detective, fictionally, d. c. 100
  43 BC Ovid, racy poet, d AD 17
  1725 Sultan Abdül-Hamid I of Turkey (1774-89)
  1804 Neal Dow, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1897
  1811 "L'Aiglon" - Napoleon II Bonaparte, King of Rome, Duke of Reichstadt
  1812 George Bibb Crittenden, Maj Gen, C.S.A., d. 1880
  1820 Prince Alexander Ian Cuza of Moldavia-Wallachia (Romania)
  1823 John Echols, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1896
  1825 William Nelson Rector Beall, Brig Gen, C.S.A.
  1830 Eugene Asa Carr, Brig Gen., U.S., d. 1910
  1870 Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck - "Hai Safari!"
  1882 Rene Coty, President of France (1953-58)
  1917 Dame Vera Lynn, singer ("The White Cliffs of Dover")
21 1076 Duke Robert I Burgundy (1072-1076)
  1274 King Robert I the Bruce of Scotland
  1306 Duke Robert II of Burgundy (1272-1306)
  1521 Duke Maurice of Saxony (1547-53)
  1609 Cardinal Jan II Kazimierz, King of Poland (1648-68)
  1713 Francis Lewis, Signer of the Declaration of Independence
  1806 Benito Juarez, President of Mexico (1858-72)
  1839 Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky, army Officer, composer ("Pictures at an Exhibition") d. 1881
22 1459 Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg (1493-1519)
  1797 Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany (1871-88)
  1813 Gabriel Rene Paul, Brig Gen, U.S., blinded at Gettysburg, d. 1886
  1817 Braxton Bragg, Gen, C.S.A., d. 1876
  1819 William Wirt Adams, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1888
  1822 Seth Williams, Brig Gen., U.S., d. 1866
  1824 William Henry Chase Whiting, Maj Gen, C.S.A.,
  1834 Francis Asbury Shoup, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1896
  1837 Virginia Oldoini, later the Countess de Castiglione, seducer of emperors & kings, d. 1899
  1869 Emilio Aguinaldo, Philippine nationalist.
  1907 James "Slim Jim" Gavin, soldier
  1910 Nicholas Montserrat, novelist ("The Cruel Sea")
  1913 Karl Malden, actor ("Patton")
  1918 Cheddi Jagan, Guyanese premier (1953, 1957-64)
  1972 Prince Pieter Christian of the Netherlands
  2233 Capt. James Tiberius Kirk
23 1754 Baron Jurij Vega, Hapsburg artilleryman, d. 1802
  1818 Don Carlos Buell, Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1898
  1825 Edward Lloyd Thomas, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1898
  1883 Faisal ibn Hussein ibn Ali, King of Iraq, friend to Lawrence
  1887 Prince Felix Yussupov, who [eventually] killed Rasputin, d. 1967
  1912 Werner von Braun, Nazi who got over
24 1188 Ferrand of Portugal, Count of Flanders
  1441 Elector Ernst I of Saxony (1464-86)
  1607 Michiel de Ruyter, Dutch admiral
  1821 George Hector Tyndale, Brig Gen, U.S.
  1898 Dorothy Stratton, first head of the SPARS
25 1133 King Henry II of England (1154-89)
  1252 Conradin, king-aspirant of Naples & Sicily (1262-1266), beheaded in Naples in 1268
  1347 St. Catherine of Siena, fierce lady
  1413 Pietro Maria II de'Rossi "il Magnifico" of San Secondo, d. 1482
  1767 Joachim Murat, Marshal of France, King of Naples (1808-15), shot 1815
  1782 Carolina Bonaparte, Napoleon's sister, Mrs. Murat
  1818 Isaac Ingalls Stevens, Maj Gen, U.S, KIA, Chantilly, 1862
  1820 Count Xavier of Merode, Belgian Minister of Defense
  1823 William Thompson Martin, Maj Gen, C.S.A., d. 1910
  1867 Arturo Toscanini, conductor, anti-fascist
  2184 Ens. Pavel Andreivich Chekov
26 603 Pacal, Lord of the Maya
  1479 Grand Prince Vasili III of Moscow (1505-33)
  1773 Nathaniel Bowditch, oceanographer ("American Practical Navigator"), d 1838
  1813 Thomas West Sherman, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1879
  1817 Herman Haupt, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1905
  1868 King Fuad I of Egypt (1922-36)
  1875 Syngman Rhee, President of the Republic of Korea (1948-1960), d 1965
  1914 William Westmoreland, d. 2005
  1919 Sterling Hayden, OSS agent, actor ("Dr Strangelove", "The Godfather"), d 1986
  1962 Yuri Pavlovich Gidzenko, Russian cosmonaut
27 1746 Carlo Bonaparte, who had a famous son
  1785 "Louis XVII" - who didn't become king of France, d. 1795.
  1823 Samuel Kosciusko Zook, Brig Gen, U.S., d/w, Gettysburg, 1863
  1893 Dragoljub "Draza" Mihailovic, Chetnik and Nazi collaborator
  2007 Charlotte Winters, last surviving WW I “Yeomanette”, at 109
28 1468 Duke Charles I of Savoy (1482-1489)
  1515 St. Theresa of Avila
  1660 King George I of Great Britain (Georg Ludwig of Hanover)
  1727 Elector Maximilian III Joseph of Bavaria (1745-77)
  1818 Wade Hampton, Lt Gen, C.S.A., d. 1902
  1840 Eduard Carl Oscar Theodor Schnitzer/Mehmet Emin Pasha, German adventurer
  1862 Aristide Briand, Nobel Peace Prize in 1926 for "Outlawing" war
  1872 Jose Sanjurjo y Sacanell, Spanish general and conspirator, d. 1936
  1928 Zbigniew Brzezinski, national security advisor, 1977-1981
29 1790 John Tyler, militiaman, president
  1816 James Gallant Spears, Brig Gen, U.S.
  1821 Joshua Thomas Owen, Brig Gen, U.S.
  1829 Robert Emmett Rodes, Maj Gen, C.S.A.
  1899 Lavrenty Beria, Chekist, executed, 1953
  1947 Aleksandr Stepenovich Viktorenko, Russian cosmonaut
30 1135 Maimonides [Moses ben Maimon], philospher, physician
  1432 Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" of Turkey (1451-81)
  1746 Francesco Jose de Goya, artist ("The Horrors of War"), d. 1828
  1785 Field-Marshal Henry Viscount Hardinge, of the Peninsular War and Sutlej Campaign
  1790 Joseph Smith, naval officer, U.S., d. 1877
  1823 Joseph Farmer Knipe, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1901
  1824 Innis Newton Palmer, Brig Gen., U.S.
  1825 Samuel Bell Maxey, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1895
  1957 Yelena Vladimirovna Kondakova, Russian cosmonaut
31 250 Flavius Constantius I, Roman Emperor (305-306), father of Constantine
  1187 Prince Arthur, Duke of Brittany, nephew to Richard Lionheart, murdered by his Uncle John, 1203
  1425 Bianca Maria Visconti, only child of Duke Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan, wife to Francesco Sforza, d. 1468
  1499 Giovanni Angelo Medici - Pope Pius IV (1559-1565).
  1518 King Henry II of France
  1596 Rene Descartes, who thought and therefore was
  1675 Propsero Lorenso Lambertini - Pope Benedict XIV (1740-1758)
  1723 King Frederik V of Denmark & Norway (1746-66)
  1732 Francis Joseph Haydn
  1732 King Frederick V of Denmark
  1817 General Richard D. Guyon, Hungarian patriot, 1848
  1837 Stephen Dodson Ramseur, Maj Gen, C.S.A., d/w 1864
  1840 John Herbert Kelly, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d/w 1864
  1948 Albert Gore Jr, sometime soldier, vice-president (1993-2001)

Died
1 492 Pope St Felix III
  965 Anti-Pope Leo VIII (963-65)
  1131 King Stefan II of Hungary (1116-31)
  1383 Count Amadeus VI "Il Conte Verde" of Savoy, at 49
  1510 Francisco d'Almeida, Portuguese Viceroy of India, kia at c. 59
  1870 Francisco Solano Lopez, Marshal-President of Paraguay (1862-70), kia at 43
  1920 Joseph Trumpeldor, killed defending Tel Mai Kibuttz
  1921 King Nicholas Petrovic Njegos of Montenegro (1910-18), at 79
  1938 Gabrielle d'Annunzio, poet and condottiero, at 74
2 254 Pope St Lucius (253-254)
  986 King Lothaire III of France(954-86), poisoned
  1122 Count Floris II de Vette of Holland
  1127 Count Charles the Good of Flanders, assassinated
  1333 King Wladyslaw IV "the Great" of Poland
  1830 Emperor Francis II of Austria
  1855 Tsar Nicholai I of Russia (1825-55)
  1895 Khedive Ismail Pasha of Egypt (1863-79), at 64
3 493 Odoacer, self-proclaimed King of Italy (476-493, executed by Theoderic of the Ostrogoths
  561 Pope Pelagius I (556-561)
  1191 Sultan Saladin Yusuf Ayubi of Egypt and Syria, at c. 55, in Damascus
  1539 Sir Nicholas Carew, beheaded
  1707 Shah Aurangzeb of India, at 89
  1728 Camille, Duke de Tallard, Marshal of France
  1937 Amelia Earhart & Fred Noonan, lost over the Pacific
  2005 Redmond A. Simonsen, Wargamer, S&T art director, at 62
4 268 Gallienus, Roman Emperor (260-268), murdered, c 50
  1172 King Stephan III of Hungary (1162-72)
  1484 St Kazimierz, King of Poland
  1794 Count Henri de Larochejacquelin, counterrevolutionary, executed at 21
  1916 Franz Marc (1880-1916), German artist, kia
5 1223 Afonso II of Portugal
  1291 Sa'ad al'Da'ulah, Jewish grand vizier of Persia, assassinated
  1588 Prince Henri I de Conde
  1605 Pope Clement VIII - Ippolito Aldobrandini (1592-1605), at 69
  1625 King James VI of Scots (1567-1625) & I of England (1603-25), 58
  1644 Ferrante Pallavicino, Marquis of Scipione, Benedictine Canon, 29, beheaded at Avignon, for satirizing the Barberini family.
  1649 Arthur, Lord Capell, beheaded, Old Palace Yard, London
  1649 Henry, Earl of Holland, beheaded, Old Palace Yard, London
  1649 James, Duke of Hamilton, beheaded, Old Palace Yard, London
  1758 Dr. Thomas Arne, composer ("Rule Britannia")
  1770 Crispus Attucks, shot by the Redcoats
  1770 James Caldwell, shot by the Redcoats
  1770 Patrick Carr, shot by the Redcoats
  1770 Samuel Gray, shot by the Redcoats
  1770 Samuel Maverick, shot by the Redcoats
  1778 Thomas A Arne, composer ("Rule Britannia"), at 67
  1903 George Francis Robert Henderson, historian ("Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War"), b. 1854
  1953 Josef V Stalin, mass murderer, in bed at 73
  1953 Sergei Prokofiev, composer
6 1786 Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Napier
  1932 John Philip Sousa, soldier, sailor, and marine, at 77
  1933 Mayor Anton J Cermak of Chicago, of wounds from an assassin
  1964 King Paul I of Greece (1947-64)
  1984 Martin Niemöller, WW I u-boat skipper, anti-Nazi clergyman, at 92
7 322 BC Aristotle, b. 384 BC
  851 Duke Nominoe of Brittany (826-851)
  1040 King Harold I of England (1035-40)
  1111 Count Bohemund I of Taranto, Prince of Antioch
  1274 St Thomas Aquinas, at 48
  1724 Pope Innocent XIII - Michelangelo dei Conti (1721-1724), at 68
  1737 Count Guido Starhemberg, Imperial Field Marshal, at 79
  1810 Admiral Lord Collingwood, friend to Nelson, b 1748
  1862 Brig. Gen. Ben McCulloch, CSA, kia at Elkhorn Tavern
  1862 Brig. Gen. McIntosh, CSA, kia, Elkhorn Tavern
  1932 Aristide Briand, who helped "outlaw" war, at 69
  1941 Gunther Prien, daring skipper of U-47, kia at 34
  1951 Shah Ali Razmara of Iran (1950-51), assassinated
  1999 Stanley Kubrick, director ("Paths of Glory"), b. 1928
8 161 Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161), at 74
  1144 Pope Celestine II - Guido del Casetllo (1143-1144)
  1403 Sultan Bajazet I "Ylidirim" (1387-1403), c. 45, at Antioch
  1460 James II of Scotland, accidental cannon explosion at Roseburgh
  1466 Duke Francesco Sforza of Milan (1450-466), condottiero, at 65
  1702 King William III of England (1689-1702), at 51
  1862 Nat Gordon, slave smuggler, hanged in New York
  1874 Millard Fillmore, militiaman, president (1850-53), at 74
  1889 John Ericsson, who designed the Monitor
  1917 Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, at 78
  1921 Premier Eduardo Dato of Spain, assassinated in Madrid
9 1062 Count Herbert of Maine
  1329 Edmund, the Earl of Kent, beheaded
  1661 Jules Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France, sometime soldier
  1931 Ida Wells-Barnett, civil rights advocate
  1964 Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck - "Hai safari!", at 93
10 483 Pope St. Simplicimus (468-483)
  858 Pope Benedict III
  1333 King Ladislas III of Poland
  1826 King João VI of Portugal (1816-26), at 56
  1864 King Maximilian II Joseph of Bavaria (1848-64), at 52
  1872 Giuseppe Mazzini, at 66
  1913 Harriet Tubman, at c. 93
  1985 Konstanin Chernenko, Soviet leader
11 222 Elagabalus, very strange Roman Emperor (218-222), decapitated at 19 by the Praetorians
  222 Julia Soaemias, his mother, likewise slain, at about 42
  1425 BC Pharaoh Thutmose III "The Great"
  1486 Albrecht III Achilles of Brandenburg, at 71
  1944 Hendrik van Loon, historian ("Van Loon's Lives")
  1948 Ian Masaryk, Czech Foreign Minister, "accidental" fall from a window
  1949 Henri-Honoré Giraud, French General, at 70
  1957 Rear Adm Richard E Byrd, at 68
12 417 Pope Innocent I (401-417)
  604 Pope St Gregory I "the Great" (590-604), at 64
  1507 Cesare Borgia - "The Prince" - kia, siege of Vicuña, Navarre, at 31
  1889 Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia (1872-89), kia
  1925 Sun Yat-Sen, Chinese revolutionary leader
  1944 Col. John W. Thomason, USMC - "The Kipling of the Corps"
  1945 Anne Frank, of typhus at 14
13 565 Belisarius, in disgrace, but not blind, Constantinople
  1202 Grand Duke Mieszko III "the Elder" of Poland (1173-77, 1200-02)
  1516 King Vladislav II Jagiello of Bohemia (1490-1516), at 60
  1528 Vespasiano Colonna, duca di Gaeta, conte di Fondi, signor d'Itri, condottiero
  1569 Prince Louis Conde, Huguenot leader, kia
  1858 Felice Orsini, Italian patriot who had attempted to assassinate Napoleon III, executed at 38
  1881 Tsar Alexander II of Russia, assassinated
  1901 Benjamin Harrison, veteran and president (1889-1893)
  1941 A Coenradi, Dutch resistance fighter, executed
  1941 Bernard Iron, Dutch resistance fighter, executed
  1941 E Hellenbyn, Dutch resistance fighter, executed
  1941 J Eyl, Dutch resistance fighter, executed
  1943 Stephen Vincent Benét, poet ("John Brown's Body"), b. 1898
  1945 Maj. Gen. Charles Dick - "Father of the National Guard"
  1945 Vera & Libera Arduino, Italian Resistance fighters, shot
  1946 Werner von Blomberg, German War Minister, at 67
  1955 King Yung Deva of Nepal (1911-55), at about 48
  1986 Alvaro Fayad Delgado, leader of Colombian M-19 rebels
14 4 BC King Herod the Great of Judea (58 BC-4 BC)
  1405 Timur, Mongol warlord, at c. 68
  1490 Duke Charles I of Savoy, at 21
  1573 Claude II of Lorraine, the Duke of Aumale
  1590 Gen. Philip van Egmont, Prince of Gavere, kia at 30
  1647 Frederik Henry, Count of Nassau and Prince of Orange
  1751 Field Marshal George Wade, at 80, after 58 years in the service
  1883 Karl Marx, the real exploiter of the masses, b. 1818
  1989 Zita, last Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary (1916-1918), at 96
15 44 BC "Et tu, Brute?"
  752 Pope Zachary (741-52)
  963 Byzantine Emperor Romanus II (959-63), at 25
  1034 King Mieszko II of Poland (1025-34)
  1311 Walter of Brienne, Duke of Athens, kia, Halmyros
  1849 Cardinal Mezzofanti, fluent in 45 languages, at 75
  1944 Otto von Below, German general, Victor of Caporetto
16 455 Emperor Valentinian III (424-455), b. 419, assassinated
  1185 King Baldwin IV "the Leper" of Jerusalem
  1286 King Alexander III of Scotland
  1536 Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha of the Ottoman Empire, murdered, c. 45
  1838 Nathaniel Bowditch, oceanographer ("American Practical Navigator"), at 64
  1914 Gaston Calmette, editor of Le Figaro, shot by Mme Caillaux
  1930 Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, Spanish general and dictator (1923-30)
  1978 Aldo Moro, former prime minister of Italy, assassinated by terrorists
  1995 Lord Lovat, commando, at 83
17 45 BC P. Attius Varus, Pompeian general, kia at Munda
  45 BC Titus Labienus, Pomepeian general, kia at Munda
  45 BC Gnaeus Pompeius, executed after Munda
  461 St Patrick
  1058 King Lulach I of Scotland (Aug 15, 1057-Mar 17, 1058), at c. 28
  1516 Giuliano de' Medici, Lord of Florence, at 37
  1704 Baron Menno van Coehoorn, fortification engineer, at 63
  1750 William, Earl of Pembroke, London
  1891 Prince Napoleon "Plon-Plon" Bonaparte, at 68
  1957 Pres Ramon Magsaysay of the Philippines, plane crash
18 37 Roman Emperor Tiberius (14-37), smothered
  180 Marcus Aurelius, soldier-philosopher, Roman Emperor (161-180), of plague at 58, Vienna
  978 St Edward the Martyr, King of the Anglo-Saxons (975-78), murdered at 15
  1227 Pope Honorius III - Cencio Savelli (1216-1227)
  1516 Giuliano de Medici
  1584 Tsar Ivan IV "the Terrible" of Russia (1547-1884), at 53
  1721 Pope Clement XI - Giovanni Grancesco Albani (1700-1721)
  1913 King George I of Greece (1861-1913), assassinated at 67
  1918 Cesar Antonovich Cui, Russian composer, fortification engineer
  1933 Luigi di Savoia, Duca degli Abruzzi, explorer , at 60
  1965 King Farouk of Egypt (1936-52), at 45
  1983 King Umberto II of Italy (May 9 - June 12, 1946)
19 235 Roman Emperor Alexander Severus, murdered
  644 Emperor Si Sang of China, the last Ming, suicide
  1643 Spencer Compton, Earl of Northampton, kia Hopton Heath
  1687 René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, murdered by his own men on the Mississippi
  1721 Pope Clement XI - Giovanni F Albani (1700-21), at 71
  1945 Fritz Fromm, general, anti-Nazi conspirator, executed
  1950 Edgar Rice Burroughs, war correspondent, at 74
20 268 Roman Emperor Publius Gallienus, assassinated at Milan
  842 King Alfonso II "the Chaste" of the Asturias (791-842)
  1191 Pope Clement III - Paolo Scolari (1187-91)
  1351 Sultan Mohammed ibn-Tughluq of Delhi
  1415 King Henry IV Bolingbroke of England (1399-1413), at 45
  1568 Duke Albrecht von Hohenzollern of Prussia, at 77
  1611 Duke Ernest of Luneburg
  1619 Holy Roman Emperor Matthias II (1611-19)
  1894 Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian nationalist
  1920 Pres Venustiano Carranza of Mexico (1915-20), murdered at 60
  1929 Ferdinand Foch, Marshal of France
  2004 Juliana, sometime Queen of the Netherlands (1948-1980)
  2005 Andrew Toti, inventor of the "Mae West" life jacket, at 89
21 1241 King Valdemar II of Denmark
  1330 Edmond of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, beheaded
  1421 Thomas, Duke of Clarence, brother to Henry V, kia, the Bauge
  1556 Archbishop Cranmer, burnt at Oxford
  1604 Count Peter Ernest de Mansfeld, Luxembourg
  1656 Archbishop Ussher, who "calculated" the age of the universe
  1663 Charlotte Tremouille, Countess of Derby, who defended Latham House & the Isle of Man
  1804 Due d'Enghien, shot at Vincennes by Napoleon
  1880 The Sherif of Mecca, murdered by a religious fanatic
22 337 Roman Emperor Constantine I "the Great" (306-337), at c. 57
  606 Pope Sabinianus (604-606)
  1312 Jacques De Molay, 23rd & last Grand Master of the Templars, & 39 Knights, barbequed
  1322 Thomas Earl of Lancaster, beheaded at Pontefract
  1421 Thomas, Duke of Clarence, brother to Henry V, slain in Anjou
  1471 King George Podiebrad of Bohemia
  1589 Ludovico Guicciardini, historian, at 67
  1820 Stephen Decatur, at 41, in a duel with Commo. James Barron
  1861 Commo. Uriah P. Levy, USN, at 69
  1924 Robert Nivelle, inept French general
23 1369 King Pedro "the Cruel" of Castille & Leon, murdered
  1555 Pope Julius III - Gianmaria Ciocchi del Monte (1550-1555), at 67
  1653 Johan van Galen, Dutch admiral, kia at c. 48
  1801 Tsar Paul I (1796-1801), strangled at 46
  1819 Augustus Frederick von Kotzebue, German dramatist, 56, assassinated a theology student at Mannheim
  1842 Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle), author ("The Charterhouse of Parma"), at 59
  1994 Luis Donaldo Colosio, Mexican presidential candidate, assassinated in Tijuana
  2006 Desmond Doss, Pacifist who earned a MOH on Okinawa, at 87
24 809 Haroun-al-Raschid, twenty-fifth Caliph (786-809), at 44
  1005 King Kenneth III of Scotland (997-1005), kia Monzievaird
  1401 Tamerlane sacks Damascus
  1455 Pope Nicholas V - Tommaso Parentucelli (1447-1455), at 57
  1776 John Harrison, inventor of the "Longitude clock" (the chronometer)
  1869 Baron Antoine-Henri Jomini, military thinker ("The Art of War"), b 1779.
  1905 Jules Verne, at 77
  1916 Composer Enrique Granados, his wife, and c. 50 others, in the Sussex
  1944 Orde Wingate and nine Americans, B-25 crash in Burma
  1945 Thomas Rennie, British Maj Gen, 51st Highland Div, KIA
  1953 Queen Mary of Teck, Mrs George V, at 86
  1976 Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, at 88
  1980 Archbishop Oscar Romero, assassinated at mass, San Salvador
  1984 Gunga Din (Sam Jaffe) at 93
  1993 John Hersey, war correspondent, at 78
25 33 Jesus [Alt]
  1223 King Afonso II of Portugal (1211-23), at 36
  1697 Hendrik Casimir II of Nassau
  1751 King Frederik of Sweden (1720-51), at 74
  1949 Hanns A Rauter, SS-commandant in the Netherlands, executed
  1975 King Faisal ibn Abd al-Aziz of Saudi Arabia (1964-75), murdered
26 752 Pope Stephen II (23-26 Mar 752)
  1051 Count Hugh IV of Maine
  1827 Ludwig van Beethoven, composer ("Wellington's Victory"), at 56
  1892 Walt Whitman, war poet, bigot
  1902 Cecil Rhodes, imperialist, at 48
  1914 Prince Francesco di Paola delle Due Sicilie, kia at 26, Avanats, France
  1948 Adm. Joseph Mason Reeves - "Father of Carrier Aviation."
  1973 Noel Coward, actor ("In Which We Serve"), at 73
  1975 King Faisal ibn Abd al-Aziz of Saudi-Arabia (1964-75), murdered at 68
  1983 Anthony F Blunt, British art historian, Soviet spy
27 47 BC Ptolemy XIII of Egypt, drowned in the Nile fleeing Caesar's troops
  965 Count Arnulf I of Flanders
  1191 Pope Clement III - Paolo Scolari (1187-1191)
  1211 King Sancho I of Portugal (1185-1211), at 56
  1350 King Alfonso XI of Castile & Leon, of Plague at Gibraltar
  1378 Pope Gregory XI - Pierre Roger de Beaufort (1371-1378), who ended the "Babylonian Captivity"
  1701 Anne Hilarion de Cotentin, the Count of Tourville, Admiral, at 58
  1729 Duke Leopold Duke of Lorraine, at Lunerille
  1836 James Fannin, inept commander, and c. 320 other Texians, executed at Goliad
  1854 Duke Carlo III Ferdinando of Parma & Piacenza (1848-1854), assassinated
  1900 Pieter Joubert, Boer Commander, at 69
  1968 Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, first man in space, plane crash at 31
  1991 Aldo Ray, veteran, actor ("What Did You Do in the War, Daddy")
28 193 Roman Emperor Publius Helvius Pertinax (Jan 1-Mar 28 193), murdered by the Praetorians, at 66
  593 King Guntram of the Burgundians, c. 67
  1285 Pope Martin IV - Simon de Brie (1281-1285)
  1461 Lord Fitzwalter, kia, Feraybridge
  1461 Lord John de Clifford, kia, Feraybridge
  1462 Duke Vasili II of Moscow
  1801 Lt. Gen. Sir Ralph Abercrombie, kia, Battle of Alexandria
  1850 Paolo Bartolomeo Avitabile, Neapolitan lieutenant, Persian colonel, Sikh general, at c. 58
  1868 James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan, inept cavalryman
  1881 Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky, Russian Army Officer, composer ("Night on Bald Mountain"), at 42 and one week
  1944 Chief Rabbi Maggid of Kovono, killed by the Nazis
  1969 Dwight Eisenhower, soldier, president (1953-1961), at 78
  1980 Jesse Owens, who spoiled Hitler's Olympics, at 66
  1987 Maria - "Sound of Music" - von Trapp, at 82
29 87 BC Emperor Han Wu Ti of CHina
  1058 Pope Stephen {IX] X - Frederick of Lorraine (1057-1058)
  1745 Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford, the first prime minister
  1792 King Gustav III of Sweden (1771-92), wounded by an assassin on the 16th
  1837 "Mrs. Fitzherbert" [Mary Anne Smythe], sometime wife of George IV, at 81
  2007 Lloyd Brown, last US Navy veteran of WW I, at 109
30 317 BC Phocion, Athenian statesman and strategos
  988 Count Arnulf II of Flanders
  1484 Filippo Savelli di Rignano, Marshal of the Holy See, assassinated
  1547 Francis I of Valois, King of France, at 52
  1707 Sebastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de Vauban, fortification engineer, b. 1633
  1948 The Mahatma, assassinated in New Delhi
  1950 Leon Blum, French Popular Front premier, appeaser
  1986 James Cagney, actor ("The Fighting 69th", "The Gallant Hours"), 86
  1986 John Ciardi, B-29 pilot, poet, translator of Dante, at 69
  2002 Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, at 101
31 1341 Grand Prince Ivan I Kalita of Vladimir (1328-41), at c. 37
  1547 King Francis I de Valois of France, slow learner, at 53
  1567 Count Philip "the Generous" of Hesse, at 62
  1621 King Felipe III of Spain (1598-1621), at 42
  1850 John C. Calhoun, notable Secretary of War, at 68
  1944 Adm Mineichi Koga, Commander, Combined Fleet, plane crash
  1970 Marshal of the Soviet Union Semion Timoshenko, at 75

Event
1 0 Festival of Mars, Roman God of War
  86 BC Sulla captures Athens, deposing the tyrant Aristion
  492 Election of Pope St Gelasius I (492-496)
  705 Accession of Pope John VII (705-707)
  1244 The Crusaders take Montsegur from the Albigensians
  1260 Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis, takes Damascus amid great slaughter
  1324 Naval Battle of Lutocisterna: The Aragonese defeat the Pisans
  1382 Charles VI supresses the Maillotin Rising at Paris
  1634 Battle of Smolensk: Poland's Wladyslaw IV defeats the Russians
  1652 Vassy Massacre: The Duc de Guise slaughters c. 1000 Huguenots, initiating the French "First War of Religion"
  1780 Pennsylvania adopts "gradual emancipation" of slaves
  1781 Continental Congress adopts the "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union."
  1811 Mehemet Ali massacres the Mamlukes in Alexandria
  1836 Texas Convention convenes at Washington-on-the-Brazos to consider Independence from Mexico
  1854 SS City of Glasgow sinks in Liverpool harbor, 373 die
  1896 Battle of Aduwa: 80,000 Ethiopians defeat 20,000 Italo-African troops
  1913 Federal income tax takes effect, as per 16th amendment
  1920 Arabs attack the Jewish settlement of Tel Mai
  1921 Anti-communist sailors' revolt in Kronstadt
  1923 Rhineland: Franco-Belgian move in to force German reparations payments
  1934 Henry Pu Yi crowned as Emperor Kang Teh of Manchukuo
  1941 "Captain America" is introduced
  1941 German troops enter Bulgaria
  1941 Himmler inspects the Auschwitz concentration camp
  1941 Kufra, Libya: Italians surrender to Leclerc's Free French (besieged since Feb 7)
  1942 Battle of Sunda Strait: USS Houston & HMAS Perth go down fighting around 0100
  1942 Battle off Java: Japanese battleships Hiei & Kirishima & their escorts sink USSs Edsall (DD-219) & Pillsbury (DD-227)
  1942 Battle off Surabaya: HMS Exeter & destroyers HMS Encounter and USS Pope sunk by Japanese heavy cruisers
  1943 Amsterdam: Jewish old age home raided by the Nazis
  1945 Chinese 30th division liberates Hsenwi
  1945 Ryukyu Islands: U.S. Navy surface and air raids on Japanese positions
  1950 British sentence Klaus Fuchs to 14 years for atomic espionage
  1954 Bikini: US detonates 15 megaton hydrogen bomb
  1954 Puerto Rican nationalists open fire in Congress, 5 wounded
  1954 Rioting in Khartoum, 30 die
  1955 Israeli attack on Gaza, 48 die
  1961 The Peace Corps is established
  1970 Rhodesia: Whites declare independence from Britain to preserve apartheid regime
  1971 Washington: Bomb goes off in the Capitol
  1981 Irish Nationalist Bobby Sand begins a hunger strike in the Maze Prison
2 537 Goths besiege Rome, held by Belisarius (relieved Mar 12, 538)
  871 Battle of Marton: King Ethelred of Wessex defeats the Danes
  1121 Dirk VI becomes count of Holland
  1458 George Podebrad is elected King of Bohemia
  1476 Battle of Granson: The Swiss defeat the Burgundians
  1498 Vasco da Gama's fleet reaches Mozambique
  1502 Duke Alfonso I d'Este weds Lucrezia Borgia, and they live happily ever after
  1579 Battle of Borgerhout: The Prince of Parma's Spaniards inflict a reverse on the Dutch
  1776 Americans begin shelling British troops in Boston
  1807 Congress bans the importation of slaves effective Jan 1, 1808
  1836 Texas declares independence from Mexico [See Births]
  1859 USS Saginaw, first American warship built on the West Coast, Mare Island
  1865 Battle of Waynesborough: Jubal Early's Rebels defeated
  1867 Congress abolishes peonage in New Mexico
  1867 First Reconstruction Act passed by Congress
  1867 The James gang robs a bank in Savannah, Mo, 1 k
  1867 US Navy Civil Engineering Corps founded
  1907 General Louis Botha becomes premier of the Transvaal
  1915 Vladimir Jabotinsky forms a militia to defend Jewish settlements in Palestine
  1919 Communist International (Comintern) congress opens in the Kremlin
  1933 "King Kong" opens in New York
  1938 15th Infantry leaves China after 26 years in garrison at Tientsin & Peking.
  1938 Stalin initiates the Purges
  1939 Eugenio Pacelli chosen Pope as Pius XII (1939-1958), on his birthday
  1940 Soviet troops capture Tuppura Island from the Finns
  1942 Philippines: Japanese troops occupy Zamboanga
  1943 Battle of the Bismarck Sea: Japanese convoy attacked by USAAF aircraft
  1944 Philippines: US troops capture Momote on Los Negros
  1945 King Michael of Romania gives in to Communist govt
  1945 Philippines: Japanese resistance on Corregidor ends.
  1956 Morocco declares independence from France
  1969 Chinese-Russian border clash, c. 70 die
3 468 Election of Pope St Simplicius (468-483)
  1191 Giacinto Bobone Orsini is elected Pope as Celestine III at 85 (1191-1198)
  1637 Battle of the Rheinfeld: Weimarans defeat the Imperialists
  1746 The '45: Bonnie Prince Charlie's forces occupy Inverness Castle
  1776 US Commo Esek Hopkins attacks Nassau, Bahamas
  1813 Office of Surgeon General of the Army is established
  1815 Second Barbary War: US declares war on Algiers for piratical acts
  1836 Skirmish at Agua Dulce: Mexicans defeat Texians
  1837 US recognizes the Republic of Texas
  1847 Col Alexander W. Doniphan captures the Mexican mint at Chihuahua
  1847 Col. Franklin Pierce is promoted Brig. Gen. of Volunteers
  1855 Congress appropriates $30,000 to buy camels for the army
  1861 Russian Tsar Alexander II abolishes serfdom
  1862 New Madrid, Mo., captured by Union forces
  1863 Congress passes the "Enrollment Act," initiating federal conscription
  1863 USN bombards Fort McAllister, Ga.
  1865 Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, & Abandoned Lands established
  1871 Navy Medical Corps established
  1878 Treaty of San Stefano: "Greater" Bulgaria carved out of Turkey
  1883 Congress creates the "New Navy," authorizing four steel vessels
  1899 George Dewey is promoted to Admiral of the Navy
  1915 Congress authorizes a Chief of Naval Operations (CNO)
  1915 Congress creates the Naval Reserve
  1917 Nicholas II, the last tsar, abdicates (OS)
  1918 Russia withdraws from WW I, signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany
  1931 "Star Spangled Banner" is adopted as the national anthem
  1942 Broome, Australia: heavy damage from a Japanese air raid
  1942 Japanese warships sink Allied shipping south of Java.
  1942 RAF bombs the Renault factory at Billencourt, France, 367 die.
  1943 Battle of the Bismarck Sea: Japanese transports hit by Allied aircraft and ships
  1943 London: A German bomb hits a crowded shelter, 173 die
  1944 Los Negros: Japanese banzai attack.
  1945 Netherlands: Liberation of Roermond and Venlo
  1945 RAF bombs The Hague in error, 511 die
  1968 Terrorists bomb Greek, Portuguese, & Spanish embassies in The Hague
  1991 Latvia & Estonia vote to become independent of the USSR
4 0 Inauguration Day, until 1937
  1152 Frederik I Barbarossa elected Holy Roman Emperor
  1222 Battle of Chateaubriant: The Bretons defeat the French
  1431 Gabriello Condulmaro elected Pope as Eugene IV (1431-1447)
  1461 Edward IV recognized as King of England
  1519 Cortez lands in Mexico
  1665 England declares war on the Netherlands
  1699 Jews are expelled from Lubeck, Germany
  1789 U.S. Constitution goes into effect
  1861 CSA adopts the "Stars & Bars" as a national flag
  1863 Battle of Thompson's Station, TN
  1876 Five-times wounded veteran Rutherford B Hayes inaugurated as president
  1881 Former Maj Gen James A Garfield inaugurated as president
  1885 Draft-dodger Grover Cleveland becomes 20th president
  1889 Bvt Brig Gen. Benjamin Harrison inaugurated as 21st president
  1893 Draft-dodger Grover Cleveland becomes 22nd president
  1897 Bvt Maj William McKinley inaugurated as 23rd president
  1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated as 32nd President
  1936 Airship Hindenburg makes its first flight
  1942 Allies scuttle warships in the Surabaya navy yard
  1942 Two Japanese flying boats, refueled by sub at French Frigate Shoal, raid Oahu
  1942 USS Enterprise raids Marcus Island.
  1943 Battle of the Bismarck Sea ends: Japanese lost 12 ships, thousands of men.
  1945 Army Air Force B-24s accidentally bomb Zurich
  1945 Finland declares war on Nazi Germany
  1991 Gulf War: Iraq releases 6 US, 3 British, & 1 Italian POW
5 1259 Battle of Maes Maidog/Moydog: Earl of Warwick defeats Madog ap Llewellyn
  1432 Treaty of Rennes: peace between France and Brittany
  1626 Treaty of Monzon/Monjon: France & Spain confirm the indpendence of the Grisons
  1766 France cedes Louisiana to Spain
  1770 The Boston Massacre
  1793 Austrians liberate Liege from the French
  1795 Treaty of Basel: France and Prussia conclude peace
  1821 Veteran James Monroe is inaugurated as the 5th president
  1824 First Anglo-Burmese War begins
  1860 Parma, Tuscany, Modena, & the Romagna vote to join the Kingdom of Sardinia
  1912 First wartime use of airships: Italian reconnaissance flight west of Tripoli
  1912 Spanish cruiser Principe de Asturias sinks in the Med, c. 500 die
  1916 Fifth Battle of the Isonzo begins (to Mar 15)
  1933 Nazi Party wins plurality in parliamentary election (43.9%)
  1942 Burma: British appoint Sir Harold Alexander C-in-C
  1942 Japanese First Air Fleet raids Tijilatjap.
  1942 Japanese troops occupy Batavia (Jakarta), Neth Indies
  1942 New Guinea: Japanese troops land at Salamaua.
  1942 Premiere of Shoshtakovich's "Leningrad Symphony," in Kuibishev
  1943 Anti-fascist demonstrations in Italy
  1943 RAF bombs Essen
  1943 Solomons: U.S. DDs shell Japanese at Vila and Munda
  1944 Admiralty Is: U.S. Navy ships bombard Manus
  1945 Allies bomb The Hague, Netherlands
  1945 US VII Corps captures Cologne
  1946 Winston Churchill makes his "Iron Curtain" speech, Fulton, Mo
  1960 US Army discharges Elvis
6 12 BC Augustus is made Pontifex Maximus
  1204 King Phillip Augustus of France takes Chateau Galliard
  1447 Tommaso Parentucelli elected Pope as Nicholas V (1447-1455)
  1460 Treaty of Alcacovas: Portugal cedes the Canary Is to Castille
  1521 Magellan reaches Guam
  1645 Battle of Jankau: Swedes defeat the Imperialists
  1799 Bonaparte captures Jaffa, Palestine
  1816 Jews expelled from the Free City of Lubeck, Germany
  1822 USS Enterprise captures four pirate ships in the Gulf of Mexico
  1831 Edgar Allen Poe is expelled from West Point
  1836 Santa Anna's Mexicans overwhelm the Alamo, after a 13 day siege
  1861 Confederate Congress calls for 100,000 volunteers - a month before Ft. Sumter
  1865 Battle of Natural Bridge, Florida
  1916 Pancho Villa raids Columbus, NM, 17 die
  1918 USN collier Cyclops disappears at sea
  1924 British Labour govt cuts military budget
  1925 Belgium annexes Eupen, Malmédy, & St Vith from Germany by plebiscite
  1929 Turkey & Bulgaria sign peace treaty
  1933 Poland occupies Danzig
  1943 Japanese aircraft raid the Russell Islands.
  1943 Solomons: U.S. ships sink two Japanese DDs off Vila.
  1944 New Britain: Marines establish a new beachhead at Talasea
  1944 USAF begins daylight bombing of Berlin
  1945 Chinese 38th division liberates Lashio
  1945 Luzon: 1st Cav Div is relieved by the 43rd Inf Div.
  1947 XB-45, 4-engine jet bomber, makes 1st test flight, Muroc, CA
  1966 Barry Sadler's "Ballad of the Green Berets" hits #1 (On the charts 13 weeks)
  1967 Selective Service System orders induction of Muhammad Ali
  1967 Stalin's daughter Svetlana Allilujeva seeks political asylum in US
  1990 SR-71 sets a transcontinental record, 2,404 miles in 1:08:17
7 1190 Rioters massacre the Jews in Stamford, England
  1560 Italo-Spanish expedition under Gian Andrea Doria's lands at Djerba, Tunisia
  1573 Turkey & Venice sign peace treaty
  1774 British close port of Boston to all commerce
  1778 USS Randolph (32 guns) blows up fighting HMS Yarmouth (64), c. 310 die
  1814 Battle of Craonne: Napoleon defeats the Prussians
  1821 Battle of Rieti: Austrians defeat the Neapolitans
  1862 Battle of Pea Ridge/Elkhorn Tavern: Samuel Curtis' Yanks defeat Earl Van Dorn's Rebs (6th-7th)
  1876 Battle of Gura: Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes defeats the Egyptians
  1902 Battle of Tweebosch, Transvaal: Boers defeat the British
  1914 Prince Wilhelm von Wied becomes King of Albania
  1921 Trotsky's Red Army crushes the "Kronstadt Sailors' Rebellion" with great slaughter
  1936 Hitler breaks Treaty of Versailles, sends troops into the Rhineland
  1941