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July Military History
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Born
| 1 | 1534 | King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway (1559-88) | | | 1725 | Jean Baptiste, Comte de Rochambeau, French admiral, victor of the Virgnia Capes, insuring success at Yorktown, d. 1807 | | | 1731 | Adm Viscount Duncan, in Dundee, d. 1804 | | | 1802 | Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy, d. 1878 | | | 1833 | Alfred Thomas Archimedes Torbert, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1880 | | | 1872 | Louis Bleriot, first to fly an airplane across English Channel, d. 1936 | | | 1903 | Amy Johnson, aviatrix, d. 1941 | | 2 | 419 | Valentinian III, Roman Emperor (425-455) | | | 1830 | John Bordenave Villepigue, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1862 | | | 1836 | Henry Eugene Davies, Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1894 | | | 1903 | King Olav V of Norway (1957-1991) | | | 1925 | Patrice Lumumba, Congolese politician, murdered, 1960 | | 3 | 1423 | King Louis XI of France (1461-83) | | | 1567 | Samuel de Champlain, d. 1635 | | | 1737 | Samuel Huntington, Signer of the Declaration of Independence, d. 1791 | | | 1878 | George M. Cohan, not on the 4th, as he claimed, d. 1942 | | | 1886 | Adm. Raymond A Spruance, Victor of Midway, d. 1969 | | | 1913 | Hugh MacKenzie, British vice admiral | | | 1951 | Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, sometime President/Dictator of Haiti (1971-1986) | | 4 | 1546 | Ottoman Sultan Murad III (1574-95) | | | 1799 | King Oscar I of Sweden and Norway (1844-59) | | | 1804 | Nathaniel Hawthorne, militiaman, novelist (“The Scarlet Letter”), d. 1864 | | | 1807 | Giuseppe Garibaldi - "Hero of Two Continents", d. 1882 | | | 1826 | Green Clay Smith, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1895 | | | 1828 | James Johnston Pettigrew, Brig Gen, C.S.A., kia 1863 | | | 1872 | Calvin Coolidge, only President born on the Glorious 4th, d. 1922 | | | 1883 | Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff (1941-1946), d. 1963 | | | 1916 | Iva "Tokyo Rose" Toguri D'Aquino, d. 2006 | | 5 | 1801 | David Glasgow Farragut, the First Admiral, d. 1870 | | | 1853 | Cecil John Rhodes, imperialist, d. 1902 | | | 1889 | Jean Cocteau, sensitively artistic Nazi collaborator, d. 1963 | | | 1902 | Henry Cabot Lodge Jr, tanker, diplomat, d. 1985 | | 6 | 1747 | John Paul Jones, who would go "in harm's way", d. 1792 | | | 1781 | Stamford Raffles, founder of Singapore, d. July 5, 1826 | | | 1796 | Tsar Nicholas I of Russia (1825-55) | | | 1814 | Justus McKinstry, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1897 | | | 1821 | Edward Winston Pettus, Brig Gen, C.S.A. d. 1907 | | | 1832 | Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, sometime Emperor of Mexico (1862-1867), executed 1867 | | | 1892 | Baron Willy Coppens de Houthulst, Belgian ace, d. 1986 | | | 1909 | Andrei Gromyko, Soviet Foreign Minister (1957-1985), d. 1989 | | | 1918 | Eugene List, noted concert pianist & the GI who played for the "Big Three" at Potsdam, d. 1985 | | 7 | 1813 | William Scott Ketchum, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1871 | | | 1816 | Isaac Fitzgerald Shepard, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1889 | | | 1824 | Alfred Pleasonton, Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1897 | | | 1827 | James Murrell Shackelford, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1909 | | | 1827 | William Montague Browne, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1883 | | | 1907 | Robert Heinlein, sometime naval officer, d. 1988 | | | 1919 | William Kunstler, Maj., U.S. Army, WW II, leftist attorney, d. 1995 | | 8 | 1528 | Duke Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Spanish general, d. 1580 | | | 1545 | Don Carlos, Prince of Spain, who was retarded, not mad, d. 1568 | | | 1819 | Alexander Hays, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1864 | | | 1821 | William H. L. Wallace, Brig Gen, U.S., d/w 1862 | | | 1824 | Waldimir Bonawentura Krzyzanowski, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1887 | | | 1826 | Benjamin Henry Grierson, Maj Gen, U.S., intrepid trooper, musician, d. 1911 | | | 1826 | Robert Kingston Scott, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1900 | | | 1838 | Ferdinand Adolf Heinrich August Graf von Zeppelin, d. 1911 | | 9 | 1578 | Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia and Hungary (1619-37) | | | 1777 | Henry Hallam, historian (“View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages”), d. 1859 | | | 1857 | Grand Duke Frederick II of Baden (1907-18) | | | 1887 | Samuel Eliot Morison, sailor, historian ("Admiral of the Ocean Sea"), d. 1976 | | | 1956 | Tom Hanks, actor ("Saving Private Ryan") | | 10 | 1509 | John Calvin, Protestant reformer with a high body count, d. 1564 | | | 1818 | John Stuart "Cerro Gordo" Williams, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1898 | | | 1820 | Andrew Porter, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1872 | | | 1821 | Christopher Columbus Augur, Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1898 | | | 1833 | Lucius Eugene Polk, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1892 | | | 1834 | James Abbott McNeill Whistler, USMA drop-out, artist (“Whistler’s Mother”), d. 1903 | | | 1883 | Johannes Albrecht Blaskowitz, German general, d. 1948 | | | 1927 | David N. Dinkins, marine, Mayor of New York (1990-1994) | | 11 | 1274 | King Robert I the Bruce of Scotland (1306-29) | | | 1657 | King Frederick I of Prussia (1701-13) | | | 1662 | Duke Maximilian II Emanuel of Bavaria, d. 1726 | | | 1767 | John Quincy Adams, diplomat, President (1825-1829), d. 1848 | | | 1825 | Edward Henry Hobson, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1901 | | | 1841 | William Paul Roberts, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1910 | | | 1844 | King Peter I Karadjordjevic of Serbia (1903–1921) | | | 1888 | Carl Schmitt, Nazi “jurist”, d.1985 | | | 1890 | Arthur W Tedder, Marshal of the Royal Air Force, d. 1967 | | | 1915 | Colin Kelly, American airman, kia 1941 | | 12 | 1807 | Silas Casey, Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1882 | | | 1821 | Daniel Harvey Hill, Lt Gen, C.S.A., d. 1889 | | | 1870 | Prince Louis II Onorato of Monaco (1921-1949), French general, d. 1949 | | | 1895 | Kirsten Malfrid Flagstad, Norwegian soprano, Qusiling, d. 1962 | | | 1904 | Pablo Neruda, poet, Communist apologist, d. 1973 | | 13 | 40 | Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman general, d. 93 | | | 100 | Gaius Julius Caesar, murdered 44 BC [or maybe the 12th] | | | 1396 | Philip II “the Good” Duke of Burgundy (1419-1467) | | | 1489 | Francesco Ferrucci, Captain of Florence, kia, Gavinana, 1530 | | | 1590 | Emilio Altieri - Pope Clement X (1670-1676) | | | 1608 | Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia (1637-1657) | | | 1645 | Tsar Mikhail I Fyodorovich Romanov of Russia (1613-45), the first Romanov | | | 1821 | Nathan Bedford Forrest, Lt Gen, C.S.A., Klansman, d. 1877 | | | 1894 | Gavrilo Princep, who attained a measure of fame in 1914, d. 1918. | | 14 | 1602 | Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino -- Cardinal Mazarin, sometime soldier, d. 1661 | | | 1610 | Grand Duke Ferdinando II de' Medici of Tuscany (1621-1670) | | | 1804 | Ludwig August Ritter von Benedek, Austrian general, who lost the big one at Konnigratz, d. 1881 | | | 1818 | Nathaniel Lyon, Brig Gen, U.S., KIA, Wilson's Creek, d. 1861 | | | 1830 | Richard Henry Jackson, in Ireland, Brig. Gen, U.S. | | | 1831 | William Dwight, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1888 | | | 1913 | Gerald Ford, naval officer, President (1974-1976), d. 2006 | | 15 | 1798 | Charles H Bell, naval officer, U.S., d. 1875 | | | 1907 | Paterson Fraser, Air Marsahl, Reverend, Knight, d. 2001 | | | 1917 | Robert Conquest, sometime soldier, historian ("The Great Terror") | | | 1920 | Marshal Ruthven Wade, Air Chief Marshal of the RAF | | | 1926 | Leopoldo Galtieri, Argentine general, dictator, d. 2003 | | 16 | 1715 | Charles de Rohan, Prince of Soubise, Marshal of France, d. 1787 | | | 1823 | James Isham Gilbert, Brig Gen, U.S. | | | 1829 | Robert Brown Potter, Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1887 | | | 1921 | Bernard Rogers, Supreme Commander, NATO, d. 2008 | | 17 | 1486 | Shah Ismail I of Iran (1499-1524) | | | 1744 | Elbridge Gerry, Signer of the Declaration of Independence, d. 1814 | | | 1763 | John Jacob Astor, The First Millionaire, d. 1848 | | | 1859 | Luis Munoz-Rivera, Puerto Rican nationalist leader, d. 1916 | | | 1883 | Bart de Ligt, pacifist (Nobel Peace Prize, 1966) | | | 1900 | James Cagney, actor ("The Fighting 69th", "The Gallant Hours"), d. 1986 | | 18 | 1552 | Rudolf von Hapsburg, Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II (1576-1612), King Rudolf of Hungary (1572-1608), King Rudolf II of Bohemia (1575-1608/1611), Archduke Rudolf V (1576-1608) | | | 1823 | Leonard Fulton Ross, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1901 | | | 1843 | Cassilly Adams, American artist ("Custer's Last Stand"), d. 1921 | | | 1862 | Napoleon V Bonaparte, pretender to the throne of France, d. 1926 | | | 1863 | Archduke Franz Ferdinand, k. 1914 | | | 1887 | Vidkun Quisling, quisling, executed 1945 | | | 1918 | Count Alfonso Casati, kia, 1944, earning a Medaglia d’Oro with the San Marco Regiment | | | 1921 | John H Glenn Jr, USMC, fighter pilot, astronaut, senator | | 19 | 1814 | Samuel Colt, firearms inventor, d. 1862 | | | 1817 | Mary Ann Ball "Mother" Bickerdyke, Union relief working, nurse, and hospital administrator, d. 1901 | | | 1823 | George Henry Gordon, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1886 | | | 1828 | Roger Atkinson Pryor, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1919 | | | 1833 | John Wesley Turner, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1899 | | | 1922 | George McGovern, airman, politician | | 20 | 1304 | Francesco Petrarcha, d. 1387 | | | 1785 | Sultan Mahmud II of Turkey (1808-39) | | | 1824 | Alexander Schimmelpfennig, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1865 | | | 1919 | Sir Edmund Hillary, war hero, co-conqueror of Mt. Everest, d. 208 | | 21 | 1414 | Francesco della Rovere - Pope Sixtus IV (1471-1484) | | | 1802 | David Hunter, Maj Gen, U.S., abolitionist, d. 1886 | | | 1815 | Stewart Van Vliet, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1901 | | | 1816 | Paul Julius Freiherr von Reuter, founder of Reuters, d. 1899 | | | 1817 | Joseph K Barnes, Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1883 | | | 1826 | James Gillpatrick Blunt, Maj Gen, U.S. | | | 1828 | John Rutter Brooke, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1926 | | | 1899 | Ernest Hemmingway, adventurer, author, d. 1961 | | 22 | 1478 | Philip I "the Handsome" of Hapsburg, husband to Queen Juana la Loca of Spain, titular king (28 Apr-25 Sep 1506) | | | 1519 | Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti - Pope Innocent IX (29 Oct-30 Dec 1591) | | | 1822 | John George Walker, Maj Gen, C.S.A., d. 1893 | | | 1830 | William Sooy Smith, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1916 | | | 1849 | Emma Lazarus, Poet of the Immigrants (“Give me your tired . . . .”), d. 1887 | | | 1892 | Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Austrian chancellor, Nazi war criminal, executed 1946 | | | 1914 | Loinel Casson, historian (“Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World”), d. 2009 | | | 1923 | Bob Dole, veteran, senator, presidential candidate | | 23 | 1339 | Louis I, Duke of Anjou, King of Naples, d. 1384 | | | 1401 | Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan (1447-1466), condottiero, d. 1466 | | | 1649 | Giovanni Grancesco Albani - Pope Clement XI (1700-1721) | | | 1822 | Darius Nash Couch, Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1897 | | | 1824 | Gabriel Colvin Wharton, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1906 | | | 1892 | Ras Tafari Makonnen - Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia (1930-74) | | 24 | 1759 | King Victor Emanuel I of Sardinia (1802-21) | | | 1759 | Victor Emanuel I, King of Sardinia (1802-21) | | | 1783 | Simon Bolivar, The Liberator, d. 1830 | | | 1798 | John Adams Dix, Maj Gen, U.S., who said "If anyone attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot." d. 1879 | | | 1802 | Alexandre Dumas père, d. 1870 | | | 1827 | Julius Adolph de Lagnel, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1912 | | | 1895 | Robert Graves, soldier, poet, classicist, novelist ("Goodbye to All That"), d. 1985 | | 25 | 1109 | King Afonso I “the Conqueror” of Portugal (1143-85) – see Events | | | 1404 | Philip de Bourgogne, Count of Saint-Pol & Ligny (1415-1430), Duke of Brabant, Lothier, & Limbourg(1427-1430) | | | 1822 | Schuyler Hamilton, Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1903 | | 26 | 1467 | King Ferrante [Ferdinand] II of Naples (1495-1496) | | | 1820 | John Marshall Jones, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1864 | | | 1922 | Jason Robards, Pearl Harbor veteran, actor (“Tora! Tora! Tora!”), d. 2001 | | | 1928 | Stanley Kubrick, director (“Paths of Glory”), d. 1999 | | 27 | 1452 | Ludovico “il Moro” Sforza, illegitmate son of Francesco Sfroza, Duke of Milan (1494-1499; 1500), d. 1508 | | | 1612 | Murad IV Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1623-1640), conqueror of Baghdad | | | 1768 | Charlotte Corday, who met Jean Paul Marat in his bathtub, guillotined 1793 | | | 1812 | Thomas Lanier Clingman, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1897 | | | 1824 | Alexandre Dumas fils, d. 1895 | | | 1840 | Ranald Slidell Mackenzie, cavalryman, d. 1889 | | | 1924 | Vincent Canby, US Navy, WW II, drama critic, d. 2000 | | 28 | 1746 | Thomas Heyward, Signer of the Declaration of Independence, d. 1809 | | | 1778 | Charles Stewart, naval officer, U.S., d. 1869 | | | 1809 | Ormsby MacKnight Mitchell, Maj Gen, U.S., astronomer, d. 1862 | | | 1825 | William Duncan Smith, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1862 | | | 1833 | James Henry Lane, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1907 | | 29 | 1805 | Alexis Henri Charles Clérel, vicomte de Tocqueville, who understood America, d. 1859 | | | 1817 | James Blair Stedman, Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1883 | | | 1828 | Cuvier Grover, Bvt Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1885 | | | 1830 | Alvan Cullem Gillem, Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1875 | | | 1871 | Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin, monk who proved very hard to kill, d 1916 | | | 1883 | Benito Mussolini, k. 1945 | | | 1905 | Dag Hammerskjold, Secretary General (1953-1961), Peace Nobelist (1961) | | 30 | 1470 | Emperor Hongzhi of China (1487-1505) | | | 1549 | Grand Duke Ferdinando I de'Medici of Tuscany (1587-1609) | | | 1815 | Thomas Jackson Rodman, artilleryman, U.S., d. 171 | | | 1881 | Smedley Darlington Butler, maverick Marine, with the Breet Medal and two Medals of Honor, d. 1940 | | | 1909 | C. Northcote Parkinson, historian (“The Life and Times of Horatio Hornblower”), d 1993 | | 31 | 1396 | Philippe III “le bon”, duc de Bourgogne & Brabant, Count of Limburg (1419-1467), d. 1467 | | | 1443 | Duke Albrecht III of Saxony-Meisen, d. 1500 | | | 1527 | Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (1564-76) | | | 1803 | John Ericsson, inventor - USS Monitor, d. 1889 | | | 1816 | George Henry "Pap" Thomas, Maj Gen, U.S., d. 1870 | | | 1817 | Philip Cook Jr, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1894 | | | 1825 | Thomas Hart Taylor, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1901 | | | 1837 | William Clarke Quantrill, Confederate jayhawker, d. 1865 | | | 1884 | Karl F Goerdeler, German anti-Nazi politician, murdered 1944 |
Died
| 1 | 975 | King Edgar the Peaceful of England (959–975), at 31 | | | 1277 | Sultan Baibars of Mamluke Egypt (1260-1277), accidental poisoning | | | 1360 | Giacomo I Caetani, Lord of Sermoneta, condottiero, hanged at c. 40 | | | 1582 | The “Admirable” James Crichton (c. 22), poet, scholar, linguist, assassinated in a street brawl by the son of the Duke of Mantua | | | 1690 | Frederick, 1st Duke of Schomberg, Williamite, kia, Battle of the Boyne, at c. 75 | | | 1839 | Sultan Mahmud II of Turkey (1808-39), at 53 | | | 1863 | John Reynolds, 42, Maj. Gen., U.S.A., kia, Gettysburg | | | 1914 | Alberto Pollio, military historian, Chief-of-Staff of the Italian Army, heart attack at 61 | | | 1943 | Auguste Reitsma, C Baker, C L Barentsen, Coos Hartogh, Cor Rose, Henri Halberstadt, Johan Brouwer, Karl Groger, Koen Limperg, Rudy Bloemgarten, Willem Arondeus, & Willem Brouwer, heroes of the Dutch Resistance, murdered by the Nazis | | | 1944 | Adm Chuichi Nagumo, 57, Victor of Pearl Harbor, suicide on Saipan. | | 2 | 783 | Berthe de Laon or “Berthe Big Foot,” wife to Pepin the Short, mother of Charlemagne, at c. 63 | | | 936 | Henry I "the Fowler", Duke of Saxony (912-36), King of the Germans (919-36) | | | 1298 | Adolf, graf von Nassau-Wiesbaden, Nassau-Weilburg, & Nassau-Idstein, King of the Germans (1291-1298), kia Goellheim/Worms | | | 1504 | Prince Stefan III "the Great" Bogdanowitz of Moldavia(1457-1504) | | | 1822 | Denmark Vesey, c. 55, and five others, hanged in Charleston for a slave conspiracy | | | 1850 | Sir Robert Peel, 62, founder of the London Police Force | | | 1863 | George Nixon, 42, 73rd Ohio, d/w at Gettysburg; g-g-father of a president | | | 1863 | Strong Vincent, 26, Brig. Gen., U.S.A., kia, Gettysburg | | | 1903 | Pope Leo XIII - Giacchino Pecci 1878-1903) | | | 1915 | Porfirio Diaz, 84, revolutionary general, president of Mexico (1876-1880 & 1884-1911, surrounded by his teenaged mistresses | | | 1918 | Ottoman Sultan Mehmed V Reshad (1909-18), at 77 | | | 1937 | Amelia Earhart, 39, & Fred Noonan, 44, lost over the Pacific | | | 1961 | Ernest Hemingway, war correspondent, suicide, at 61 | | | 1987 | Karl Linnas, accused Nazi, of heart failure awaiting trial in Russia | | | 2004 | Marlon Brando, actor (“Morituri”), at 80 | | 3 | 1191 | Albéric Clément, the first Marshal of France, of natural causes at Acre, c. 36 | | | 1541 | Antonio Rincon, French emissary to the Grand Turk, & Cesare Fregoso, French emissary to the Most Serene Republic, murdered in Italy by agents of HRE Charles V | | | 1642 | Marie de'Medici, 67, widow of Henri IV of France, mother and regent of Louis XIII, inventor of French cooking | | | 1863 | Lewis A. Armistead, 46, Brig Gen, C.S.A., KIA, Gettysburg | | | 1863 | Lt. Alonzo Cushing, U.S.A., KIA, Gettysburg at 19 | | | 1863 | Richard B Garnett, 46, Brig Gen, C.S.A., KIA, Gettysburg | | 4 | 664 | King Eorcenberht of Kent (660-664) | | | 1187 | Raynald of Châtillon, Prince of Antioch (, kia at Hattin at c. 62 | | | 1307 | Rudolf von Hapsburg, c. 26, King Rudolf I of Bohemia (1306-1307), Duke Rudolf III of Austria(1298-1307), and titular King of Poland (1306-1307) | | | 1450 | James Fiennes, 1st Lord Saye and Sele, 56, Royal Treasurer, beheaded at London to appease Kentish rebels | | | 1500 | Guid’Antonio Malvezzi, Patrician of Bologna, assassinated. | | | 1787 | Prince Charles de Rohan-Soubise, Marshal of France, 71 | | | 1826 | John Adams (90) and Thomas Jefferson (82),on the 50th anniversary of the Signing of the Declaration of Independence | | | 1831 | James Monroe, major of the Continental Line, President, at 73 | | | 1881 | Henry McCarty - Billy the Kid, 21, shot by Sheriff Pat Garrett in New Mexico | | | 1940 | NYPD Detectives Joseph Lynch & Ferdinand Socha, by a bomb at the British Pavilion, NY World’s Fair; IRA or Nazi involvement suspected but never proven | | | 1943 | General Wladyslaw Sikorski, 62, Polish Premier-in-Exile, plane crash at Gibraltar | | | 1971 | ADM Thomas Hart, at 94 | | | 1974 | Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Mohammad Amin al-Husayni, c. 88 -- Nazi collaborator, | | | 2009 | Bela Kiraly, Hungarian national hero, American academic, one of the Righteous, in his sleep at 97, despite the best efforts of Hitler, Stalin, & Khruschev to have him executed. | | 5 | 965 | Pope Benedict V (964-965) | | | 1950 | Pvt Kenneth Shadrick, first American kia in Korea | | | 1950 | Salvatore Giuliano, 27, Sicilian bandit-hero, killed by police | | | 1969 | Thomas Mboya, 38, Kenyan economics minister, assassinated in Nairobi | | | 2005 | Vice Adm. James B. Stockdale, 82, Medal of Honor, b. 1923 | | | 2009 | Robert S. McNamara, sometime SecDef (1961-1968), architecht of an inept strategy, at 93 | | 6 | 1187 | 200 Christian knights captured at Hattin, murdered by Saladin | | | 1189 | King Henry II of England (1154-89), at 56 | | | 1415 | Jan Hus, c. 42, burned for heresy, Constance, Germany | | | 1535 | Sir Thomas More, 56, beheaded in England for treason, later canonized | | | 1553 | King Edward VI Tudor of England (1547-53) at 15, tuberculosis | | | 1796 | Tsar Nicholas I of Russia (1825-1855), 58 | | | 1849 | Geoffredo Mameli, Italian nationalist, soldier-composer (“Fratelli d'Italia”), d/w at 21 | | | 1893 | Guy de Maupassant, 42, Volunteer of 1870, author ("Ball of Fat") | | | 1975 | Otto Skorzeny, 72, Nazi special operations wiz | | 7 | 716 | Romulus Silvius, Founder and King of Rome (753-716), c. 55 [Trad] | | | 1307 | King Edward I Longshanks of England (1272-1307), 68 | | | 1865 | David Herold (23), George Atzerodt (30), Lewis Thornton Powell - “Lewis Paine”(21), & Mary Surratt (42), hanged for Lincoln’s assassination | | | 1930 | Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, b. 1859 | | 8 | 975 | King Edgar of Northumbria & Mercia (958-975), at c. 32 | | | 1115 | Peter the Hermit, who led the "Beggars' Crusade" | | | 1151 | Pope Bl Eugene III - Bernardo Pignatelli (1145-1151) | | | 1253 | Thibaud, “the Troubadour” or “the Chansonnier” or “the Posthumous,” Count Thibaud IV of Champagne from birth and King Thibaud I of Navarre (1234-1253), at 52 | | | 1623 | Pope Gregory XV - Alessandro Ludovisi (1621-1623), 69 | | | 1859 | King Oscar I of Sweden and Norway (1844-59), at 60 | | | 1933 | Anthony Hope, author (“The Prisoner of Zenda”), at 70 | | | 1959 | Dale Buisand & Chester Ovnand, first Americans killed in the Vietnam War | | | 1994 | Kim Il-sung, "The Great Leader", at 82 | | 9 | 518 | Eastern Roman Emperor Anastasius I Dikoros (491-518), at c. 91 | | | 1386 | Duke Leopold III of Austria (1365-1379) and of Styria & Carinthia (1365–1386), Count of Tyrol (1365–1386), 34, kia at Sempach | | | 1500 | Count Giacomo V Caetani of Sermoneta, poisoned by the Borgias, at 50 | | | 1553 | Maurice I, Duke (1541–47) and Elector (1547–53) of Saxony, 32, d/w at the Battle of Sievershausen | | | 1572 | The Maryrs of Gorkum: 15 Catholic priests are hanged at Brielle by Dutch Protestants for refusing to renounce their faith | | | 1746 | King Philip V of Spain (1700-46) | | | 1755 | Maj Gen Edward Braddock, 60, d/w on the Monongahela | | | 1797 | Edmund Burke, at 68 | | | 1850 | Siyyid `Alí Muhammad, The Bab (31), founder of Ba’hai, executed by firing squad for heresey in Tabriz, Persia | | | 1850 | Zachary Taylor, soldier, President (1849-1850), in the White House at 65 | | | 1920 | Admiral of the Fleet Sir John “Jackie” Fisher, b. 1841 | | 10 | 138 | Hadrian, Roman Emperor, "Optimus Princeps" (117-138) | | | 983 | Pope Benedict VII (974-983) | | | 1024 | Pope Benedict VIII Theophylactus (1112-124) | | | 1086 | King Canute IV of Denmark (1080-1086), c. 43, the Patron Saint of Denmark | | | 1099 | Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar - El Cid Campeador, in bed at c. 55 | | | 1103 | King Erik I "the Good Hearted" of Denmark (1095-1103), c. 43 | | | 1290 | King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (1272–1290), 37, murdered | | | 1480 | Rene I d'Anjou, king-aspirant of Naples, Sicily, & Jerusalem | | | 1559 | King Henry II of France (1547-59) | | | 1584 | Prince William I “the Silent” Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, & Friesland (1559-1584), 54, leader of the Dutch Revbllion, assassinated at Delft | | | 1653 | John Gerrard, English gentleman, hanged at Tyburn for brawling in the streets with Pantaleon Sa, also hanged, along with four of his servants. | | | 1747 | Nader Shah Afshar the Great of Persia (1736–1747), 49 or 59, assassinated | | | 1920 | Eugenie de Montijo y de Guzman, Mrs. Napoleon III, at 94 | | | 1937 | Rafael de Nogales Mendez Bey, soldier-of-fortune, in bed at 60 | | | 1944 | Count Giovanni Pallavicini, kia, Warsaw. | | | 1945 | Robert Goddard, rocketeer, 62 | | 11 | 472 | Western Roman Emperor Procopius Anthemius (467-472), c.52, executed by his magister militum, Ricimer | | | 1174 | King Amalric I of Jerusalem | | | 1302 | Jacques de Chatillon, Count of Saint-Pol, Seigneur de Leuze, de Condé, de Carency, de Huquoy, & d'Aubigny, kia Battle of the Spurs | | | 1450 | Jack Cade, English peasant rebel leader, killed near Lewes | | | 1535 | Prince-Elector Joachim I Nestor of Brandenburg (1499-1535), at 51 | | | 1540 | János Szapolyai, Voivode of Transylvania (1511–1526), disputed King of Hungary (1526-1540), 53 | | | 1804 | Alexander Hamilton, c. 45, shot by Aaron Burr in a duel at Weehawken | | | 1806 | James Smith, Signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. 1711 | | | 1989 | Laurence Olivier, actor ("Henry V"), at 82 | | 12 | 1434 | Berardo III da Varano, Co-Lord of Camerino (1424-1434), c. 45, his sons Ansovino, c. 13, Bartolomeo, c. 15, Gian Filippo, c. 17, Giovanni Venanzio, c. 22, Ladislao, c. 20, & Rodolfo Angelo, c. 24, and his brother, Gentile IV Pandolfo da Varano, Co-Lord of Camerino (1424-1434), c. 50, killed at mass in a popular uprising | | | 1536 | Desiderius Erasmus, humanist, at c. 70 | | | 1640 | Henry Casimir I, Count of Nassau-Dietz, Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen, & Drenthe, 38. | | | 1691 | Charles Chalmont, Marquis of St Ruth, c. 40, French general, kia, Aghrim, Ireland | | | 1705 | Titus Oates, 54, Espiscopal cleric, Royal Navy chaplain, persecutor of Catholics | | | 1723 | 26 pirates, hanged by the British at Newport, RI | | | 1935 | Lt. COl. Alfred Dreyfus, 75 - see Events | | 13 | 574 | Pope John III (561-574) | | | 939 | Pope Leo VII (936-939) | | | 1024 | Hol Roman Emperor Henry II (1002-24) – St. Henry, at 51 | | | 1380 | Bertrand du Guesclin, Constable of France, hero of the Hundred Years' War, at c. 60 | | | 1645 | Tsar Mikhail I Fyodorovich Romanov of Russia (1613-45), the first Romanov, 49 | | | 1712 | Richard Cromwell, sometime “Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland” (1658-1659), at 86 | | | 1793 | Jean Paul Marat, 50, radical revolutionary, stabbed in his bath by Charlotte Corday | | | 1807 | Henry Benedict Stuart, 82, Cardinal and last Jacobite pretender to the throne of England as “King Henry IX" | | | 1890 | John C Frémont, soldier, explorer, politician, at 76 | | | 1936 | José Calvo Sotelo, 43, Leader of the Bloque Nacional in the Spanish Cortes: the only occasion in Western European parliamentary history that a sitting member of the opposition was assassinated by government police, helping precipitate the Spanish Civil War | | | 1943 | Alexander Schmorell (25), Kurt Huber (49), & Wilhelm Geyer, German “White Rose” resistance fighters, beheaded by the Nazis | | | 1989 | Arnaldo Ochoa Sanchez, 59, Cuban general, murdered by Castro | | 14 | 1223 | King Philip II Augustus of France (1180-1223), c. 63 | | | 1253 | Count Theobald I of Champagne (1201-1253)/King Theobald IV of Navarre (1235-1253), at c. 52 | | | 1483 | The Princes of the Tower: King Edward V (12), and his brother Prince Richard of Shrewsbury (9), sons of England's late King Edward IV, murdered by their uncle, who becomes King Richard III [Can’t get him off the hook folks] | | | 1500 | Astorre Baglioni, condottiero, murdered on his wedding night, with his brother Gismondo Baglioni, their father, Guido Baglioni, Lord of Perugia, and their cousin | | | 1607 | St. Camillo de Lellis, Soldier and Physician, b. 1550 | | | 1686 | Col. Francesco Pallavicino, Patrician of Naples & Siena, kia at Buda, at 32 | | | 1711 | John William Friso, Prince of Orange, Prince of Nassau-Dietz Stadholder of Friesland, drowned at 23 | | | 1790 | Field Marshal Ernst Gideon von Laudon, Scottish-descended veteran of the Russian, Prussian, and Austrian Armies, at c. 74 | | | 1793 | Jacques Cathelineau, 32, Vendéan insurrectionist, kia storming Nantes | | | 1817 | Baroness Anne Louise Germaine de Staël-Holstein, 51, Salon keeper to the illustrious | | | 1904 | Pres Paul Kruger of the Transvaal (1883-1902), in exile at 78 | | | 1918 | Quentin Roosevelt, airman, kia, France, at 18 | | | 1958 | King Faisal II of Iraq (1939-58),23, his aunt Princess Abadiya, and Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah, his wife Princess Hiyam and mother Princess Nafeesa, and several servants, executed in Baghdad | | | 1974 | Carl A Spaatz, bomber baron, USAF chief of staff, at 83 | | | 1974 | Premier Noeri el-Said of Iraq, executed | | 15 | 668 | Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II (641-668), at c. 58 | | | 1291 | Rudolf I von Hapsburg, King of the Romans/HRE (1273-1291), c. 73 | | | 1410 | Ulrich von Jungingen, c. 50, 26th Hochmeister of the Teutonic Knights (1407-1410), and thousands of his minions, kia at Tannenberg. | | | 1416 | John “the Magnificent” of Valois, Duke of Berry and Auvergne, Count of Poitiers and Montpensier, Captain of Paris, 75 | | | 1685 | James, Duke of Monmouth, 36, illegitimate son of Charles II, beheaded in the Tower by his uncle, James II | | | 1869 | Capt A J Hayne, black Arkansas militia officer, assassinated | | | 1948 | General of the Armies John J Pershing, at 87 | | 16 | 1557 | Anne of Cleves, 51, Mrs. Henry VIII No. 4, divorcee, of natural causes | | | 1647 | Tomasso Aniello – Masaniello – Neapolitan insurgent leader, c. 25, murdered by Spanish agents | | | 1657 | Isabella de Medici, Princess of Tuscany, murdered by her husband, Paolo Giordano Orsini, the Duke of Bracciano, who'a ghost purportedly walks Odescalchi Castle | | | 1691 | François Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, Marquis de Louvois, Minister of War to Louis XIV, at 50 | | | 1764 | Tsar Ivan VI of Russia (1740-41), murdered at 23 | | | 1922 | Pasquale Nofi, royal hunting guide, Itri, Italy, at 64 | | | 1960 | Albert Kesselring, German airman and field marshal, 74 | | | 1989 | Herbert von Karajan, 81, Hitler’s Generalmusikdirektor | | 17 | 855 | Pope St. Leo IV (847-855), who fortified the Vatican | | | 1025 | Boleslav I “the Brave,” Duke of Poland (992-1025), the first King of Poland (Apr 19-July 17, 1025), sometime Duke Boleslav IV of Bohemia (1002-1003), at 58 | | | 1061 | Pope Nicholas II - Gérard de Bourgogne (or July 27) | | | 1070 | Baldwin of Flanders, c. 40 – Count Baldwin I of Hainaut (1051-1070) and Count Baldwin VI of Flanders (1067-1070) | | | 1085 | Robert Guiscard (“the Weasel”), c. 70, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, Prince of Salerno, Lord of Sicily, at Corfu, while preparing to conquer the Byzantine Empire | | | 1119 | Count Baldwin VII of Flanders (1111-1119), d/w at c. 25 | | | 1344 | Jacques Arteveldt, Dutch brewer and nationalist, slain | | | 1453 | John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, c. 65-70, English Constable of France, kia, Châtillon | | | 1566 | Bartolome de Las Casas, "Apostle of the Indies" at c. 92 | | | 1657 | Lazzaro Mocenigo, 33, Venetian admiral, and hundreds of sailors, when his flagship blew up in action against the Turks | | | 1670 | Marie-Madeleine-Marguerite d'Aubray, Marquise de Brinvilliers, serial killer, executed at 45, for poisoning her parents and siblings, for their money, and lot of other folks for kicks. | | | 1762 | Tsar Peter III Theodorovich of Russia (1762), at 34 | | | 1793 | Charlotte Corday, 24, assassin of Marat, guillotined | | | 1794 | Dr. John Roebuck, c. 76, founder of the Carron Ironworks, inventor of the carronade | | | 1903 | James McNeill Whistler, West Point dropout, painter, at 60 | | | 1918 | Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917), 50, the Tsarina Alexandra, 48, Duchess Olga, 22, Grand Duchess Tatiana, 21, Grand Duchess Maria, 19, Grand Duchess Anastasia, 18, & the Tsarevich Alexei, 13, murdered by the Bolsheviks, along with some of their servants and their dog | | | 1928 | Álvaro Obregón Salido, 48, general, President of Mexico (1920-1924), assassinated | | | 1946 | Dragoljub "Draza" Mihailovic, 53, Yugoslav Chetnic leader, who sometimes fought Nazis or communists | | | 1947 | Raoul Wallenberg, 34, one of the Righteous, at 34, a prisoner of the Soviets | | | 2009 | Walter Cronkite, 92, war correspondent, Cold Warrior | | 18 | 1100 | Geoffrey, 50, Count of Bouillon (1076-1100), Duke of Lorraine (1087-1100), Protector of Jerusalem (1099-1100), Leader of the First Crusade | | | 1374 | Francesco Petrarcha, at 69, pen in hand | | | 1608 | Joachim III Frederick of Brandenburg, at 61 | | | 1610 | Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, 38, artist, brawler, murderer | | | 1639 | Duke Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, Imperial general, at 35 | | | 1642 | Count Willem of Nassau-Siegen | | | 1730 | François de Neufville, 2nd duc de Villeroi, Marshal of France, at 86 | | | 1792 | John Paul Jones, 45, in Paris | | | 1872 | Benito Pablo Juarez, 66, President of Mexico (ad interim 1858–1861, 1861–1872) | | | 2005 | Gen. William Westmoreland, at 91 | | | 2009 | Henry Allingham, possibly the oldest man in the world (b. 1896), oldest surviving Jutland veteran and the last original member of the RAF | | | 2009 | Lionel Casson, historian (“Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World”), four days short of 95 | | 19 | 514 | Pope St Symmachus (498-514) | | | 711 | King Roderic of the Visigoths (710-712), kia against the Moors at c. 25 | | | 1234 | Count Floris IV of Holland (1222-1234), 24, killed in a tournament | | | 1810 | Luise Auguste Wilhelmine Amalie of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 34, Queen Consort of Prussia (1793-1810) | | | 1947 | Bogyoke Aung San, 32, Burmese soldier & nationalist, assassinated; father of Peace Nobelist Aung San Suu Kyi | | | 1965 | Syngman Rhee, 8President of South Korea (1948-1960) | | 20 | 1031 | King Robert II de Vrome of France,59 (996-1031) | | | 1454 | King Juan II of Castille, at 49 | | | 1923 | Doroteo Arango Arámbula - Pancho Villa, murdered at 55 | | | 1927 | King Ferdinand I of Romania, at 61 | | | 1936 | José Sanjurjo y Sacanell, Marquess of the Rif, 64, Spanish dictator-aspirant, plane crash | | | 1937 | Guglielmo Marconi, noted electrician | | | 1944 | Col. Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg (37), executed, & Gen. Ludwig Beck (64), assisted suicide | | | 1944 | Prince Joachim Murat, 7th Prince Murat & 6th Prince of Pontecorvo, 24, kia, during the Liberation | | | 1951 | King Abdullah I of Jordan (1921-1951), assassinated at 69 while at prayer in the Al Aqsa Mosque | | | 1951 | Mustafa Shuqri Ashu, assassin of King Abdullah, shot by the king’s bodyguards | | | 2005 | James Doohan, Canadian, D-Day Veteran, actor (“Lt. Cdr Montgomery Scott”), at 80 | | 21 | 330 | King Darius III of Persia (336-330 BC), c. 50, murdered by Bessos, to curry favor with Alexander | | | 1425 | Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425), 75 | | | 1544 | René of Châlon, Prince of Orange, Baron of Breda, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, & Utrecht, and Stadtholder of Guelders, killed during the siege of Saint-Dizier | | | 1683 | William Russell, Lord Russell, beheaded at 43 in Lincoln's-Inn-Fields | | | 1796 | Robert Burns, 37 | | | 1899 | Robert Ingersoll, politician, orator, Col, USV, 65 | | | 1967 | Basil Rathbone, MC, sometime captain, Liverpool Scottish, actor ("Captain Blood", "Robin Hood"), at 75 | | | 1998 | Alan Shepard, first American in space, at 74 | | 22 | 1298 | Sir John de Graham, Scottish patriot, kia, Falkirk | | | 1444 | Duke Oddo Antonio II de Montefeltro of Urbino (1443-1444), killed at 18 by two citizens for seducing their wives | | | 1461 | King Charles VII of France (1422-61), at 58 | | | 1627 | le Comtes de Boutteville & de Rosmadec des Chapelles, executed for the death of the Marquis de Bussy d'Amboise in a duel | | | 1676 | Pope Clement X - Emilio Altieri (1670-1676), 86 | | | 1832 | Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte, Duke of Reichstadt - Napoleon II Bonaparte, l'Aiglon, at 21 | | | 1951 | Admiral Forrest Percival Sherman, 54, CNO (1949-1951), of a heart attack in Naples, following a sumptious meal | | | 1967 | Carl Sandburg, veteran, biographer, poet, at 89 | | | 2003 | Uday (39) and Qusai Saddam Hussayn al-Tikriti (37), sons of Dictator Saddam Hussein, and Mustapha, son of Qusai (14), kia by US forces | | 23 | 1403 | Sir Henry Percy – “Harry Hotspur” c. 38, kia at the Battle of Shrewsbury | | | 1562 | Gottfried Gotz Freiherr von Berlichingen, German mercenary, at 82, in bed | | | 1627 | Sir Robert Sherley, General of Artillery to the Shah of Persia, at 63 | | | 1803 | Arthur Wolfe, Lord Kilwarden, Solicitor-General for Ireland, murdered by the people in Dublin, 64 | | | 1885 | Ulysses S Grant, sometime soldier, at 63 | | | 1944 | Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, great-grand nephew of the Great Moltke, anti-Nazi conspirator, executed by Hitler at 44 | | | 1951 | Henri Philippe Petain, 95, Marshal of France, Vichyite, in prison | | | 1955 | Cordell Hull, sometime Captain, 4th Tennessee Volunteers, Cuba, Sec State (1933-1944), Noble Peace Prize, 1945, b. 1871 | | | 1973 | Eddie Rickenbacker, 8, top American ace of WW I, 26 kills | | | 1999 | King Hassan II of Morocco (1961-1999), at 60 | | 24 | 478 | St. Lupus of Troyes, holy enough to intimidate Attila | | | 725 | The Venerable Bede, c. 63, Anglo-Saxon historian | | | 1424 | Orso Orsini, c. 44, Lord of Monterotondo, drowned, Battle of Zagonara | | | 1568 | Carlos, Prince of Asturias of Spain, probably retarded, not mad, and not killed by his father Philip II | | | 1794 | Alexandre François Marie de Beauharnais, Vicomte de Beauharnais, 33, Josephine's first husband, guillotined | | | 1862 | Martin Van Buren, 79, President (1837-1841) | | | 1944 | Jan Postma, Dutch resistance worker, executed by the Nazis | | | 1992 | Khaled Mahmoud Saeid, aide to Palestinian terrorist Abu Nidal, assassinated | | 25 | 306 | Roman Emperor Flavius Valerius Constantius I Chlorus (305-306), c. 55, father of Constantine, at York | | | 1492 | Pope Innocent VIII - Giovanni Battista Cibò (1484-1492) | | | 1564 | Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, at 61 | | | 1841 | Mary Rogers, “The Beautiful Cigar Girl" of New York, murdered at c. 25 | | | 1929 | Robert Todd Lincoln, veteran, SecWar | | | 1934 | Engelbert Dollfuss, Frontsoldat, Austrian chancellor & strongman (1932-1934), assassinated by Nazis | | | 1959 | Curley Jefferson, 76, last surviving Black Seminole Indian Scout, Brackettville, Texas | | | 2006 | Carl M. Brashear, the first black diver in the USN, at 75 | | | 2009 | Harry Patch, last British Army veteran of the trenches, at 111 | | 26 | 46 | Vercingetorix, Gallic hero, strangled in the Tullianum after Caesar’s first triumph | | | 432 | Pope St. Celestine I (422-432) | | | 711 | King Roderigo of Spain, kia by the Moors | | | 795 | King Offa of Mercia (757-796) | | | 811 | Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus I(802-11), kia by the Bulgars in the Battle of Pliska | | | 1102 | Duke Ladislas/Wladyslaw I of Poland (1079-1102), c. 58 | | | 1342 | Charles I of Anjou, King of Hungary (1307-42) | | | 1471 | Pope Paul II - Pietro Barbo (1464-1471) | | | 1494 | Count Nicola II Caetani of Sermoneta, poisoned by the Borgia, at 50 | | | 1533 | The Inca Atahualpa (1532–1533), c. 36, garroted by Francisco Pizarro | | | 1550 | Jacopo Bonfadio, 42, historian & poet, executed at Genoa | | | 1592 | Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron, 68, Marshal of France, kia, the siege of Epernay | | | 1630 | Duke Charles Emmanuel I “the Great” of Savoy (1580 to 1630), 68. | | | 1852 | Gaspar, Baron Gourgaud, 68, Bonapartist general | | | 1863 | Sam Houston, Liberator of Texas, at 70 | | | 1918 | Major Edward Corringham "Mick" Mannock VC, DSO and Two Bars, MC & Bar, British ace, kia | | | 1944 | Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran (1925-1941), 66, erstwhile Cossack | | | 1952 | Maria Eva "Evita" Duarte Peron, at 33 | | 27 | 1233 | Infante Fernando/Ferrand of Portugal, at 45, Count of Flanders (1212-1233), prisoner of the future Louis VIII of France from 1214, | | | 1638 | Count Johan VIII de Jongere of Nassau-Siegen, kia at 54 | | | 1675 | Marshal-General of France Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, 64, cannon balled at Salzbach | | | 1689 | John Graham of Claverhouse, 1st Viscount Dundee, 41, Jacobite general, kia at Killiecrankie | | | 1777 | Jane McRae, slain by Indians, inflaming frontier New Yorkers against the British | | | 1916 | Captain Charles Algernon Fryatt, 44, British merchant mariner, executed by the Germans for ramming a submarine | | | 1970 | Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, dictator of Portugal (1932-68) | | | 1980 | Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran (1941-1979), 60, in exile in Egypt | | | 1984 | James Mason, conscientious objector, actor ("Rommel"), at 75 | | | 2003 | Bob Hope, veteran of 60 years of USO shows, at 100 | | 28 | 450 | Roman Emperor Theodosius II (408-450), 49, at Constantinople | | | 1057 | Pope Victor II - Count Gebhard of Calw, Tollenstein, & Hirschberg (1055-1057), c. 40 | | | 1330 | Tsar Michael III Shishman of the Bulgars (1323-1330), c. 50, kia at Velbuzda | | | 1492 | Pope Innocent VIII - Giovanni Battista Cybo (1484-1492), 60 | | | 1540 | Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, 55, sometime Chancellor of England, beheaded on Tower Hill | | | 1746 | John Peter Zenger, 48, hero of "Freedom of the Press" | | | 1794 | Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre, 36, and 22 of his henchmen get to try the guillotine, ending the “Reign of Terror” | | | 1808 | Erstwhile Sultan Selim III of the Ottoman Empire (1789-1807), 46, assassinated at Constantinople | | | 1813 | Andoche Junot, Duc d'Abrantes, 42, French general commander | | | 1835 | Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, 1st Duc de Trévise, 67, Marshal of France, slain by an “infernal machine” in Paris | | | 1849 | King Charles Albert of Sardinia (1831-49), at 50, a few weeks after abdicating in favor of Victor Emmanuel II | | | 1915 | Pres Vilbrun Guillaume Sam of Haiti (4 Mar-28 Jul 1915), torn to pieces by a mob | | 29 | 238 | Co-Emperors Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus (c. 60) & Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus (c. 72)(Apr 22-July 29, 238), hacked to pieces in the Castra Praetoria | | | 1030 | St. Olaf Haraldsson, 35, erstwhile King of Norway (1015-1028), kia Stiklestad | | | 1095 | St. Ladislaus I, King of Hungary (1077-1095), c. 55 | | | 1099 | Pope Bl Urban II - Odo of Lagery (1088-1099), c. 57, shortly after initiating the First Crusade | | | 1644 | Pope Urban VIII - Maffeo Barberini (1623-1644), 76 | | | 1857 | Prince Charles Bonaparte of Canino, at 54 | | | 1900 | King Umberto I of Italy (1878-1900), 56, assassinated by Gaetano Bresci | | 30 | 579 | Pope Benedict I (575-579) | | | 1388 | James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas (1358–1388), 30, kia, Battle of Otterburn | | | 1616 | Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, Irish nationalist, at about 76 | | | 1741 | Count Wirich Philipp von Daun, Austrian field marshal War of the Spanish Successino | | | 1811 | Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, father of Mexican independence, executed at 58 | | | 1912 | Mutsuhito - the "Meiji" - 122nd Emperor of Japan (1867-1912), at 59 | | | 1918 | Joyce Kilmer, 31, soldier-poet of the “Fighting 69th” – kia, Battle of the Ourcq | | | 1967 | Alfried Felix Alwyn Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, 66, the last sole propreitor; war criminal who got over | | 31 | 1358 | Étienne Marcel, French rebel, slain attempting to open the gaters of Paris to the people | | | 1556 | St Ignatius of Loyola, c. 66, sometime soldier, founder of the Jesuits | | | 1602 | Charles de Gontaut, le duc de Biron, Marshal of France, beheaded for treason, at 40, in the Bastille | | | 1653 | Adm Martin Harpertzoon Van Tromp, 54, kia off the Texel | | | 1714 | Anne Stuart, 49, Queen of England & Scotland (`702-1707), of Ireland (1702-1714), and of The United Kingdom of Great Britain (1707-1714) | | | 1750 | King João V the Magnanimous of Portugal (1706-1750), at 62 | | | 1849 | Sándor Petofi, 26, Hungarian poet and revolutionary, kia | | | 1875 | Andrew Johnson, veteran, President (1829-1837), at 66 | | | 1914 | Jean Jaures, 54, Fench socialist & pacifist, assassinated. | | | 1944 | Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, 44, author (“The Little Prince”), aviator, resistance fighter, shot down over the Mediterranean south of France | | | 1966 | Alexander Ernst Alfred Hermann Freiherr von Falkenhausen, 85, German general | | | 1993 | King Baudouin of the Belgians (1951-93), at 62 |
Event
| 1 | 81 | Sulla ends the proscriptions | | | 291 | Triumph of Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges for the defeat of the Samnites | | | 776 | The First Olympiad begins. | | | 1097 | Battle of Doryleum: Crusaders defeat Sultan Kilidj Arslan's Seljuk Turks near Nicaea | | | 1266 | Treaty of Perth: Scotland “rents” the Western Isles from Norway at 100 marks a year | | | 1482 | Battle of Loja: the Moors defeat the Castillians & Aragonese | | | 1543 | Treaty of Greenwich: King Edward VI of England (9) is betrothed to his cousin Mary Queen of Scots (14) | | | 1690 | Battle of Fleurs: The French defeat the Imperialists | | | 1690 | Battle of the Boyne: Protestants massacre Catholics (12th NS) | | | 1782 | American privateers raid Lunenburg, Nova Scotia | | | 1816 | French frigate Medusa wrecked, inspiring Gericault's "The Raft of the Medusa” | | | 1823 | United Provinces of Central America gain independence from Mexico | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Falling Waters/Martinsburg, Md: Union victory | | | 1862 | Battle of Holly Spring, MS | | | 1862 | Day 7 of the 7 Days: Malvern Hill/Harrison's Landing/Crew's Farm, Va. | | | 1862 | US taxes incomes of $600 or more to help finance the Civil War | | | 1863 | Battle of Gettysburg, Day1: Lee wins | | | 1864 | Battle of Petersburg (to July 31) | | | 1867 | The Dominion of Canada is formed | | | 1870 | James W Smith becomes the first black man to enter West Point | | | 1873 | Henry Flipper of Georgia is the second black man to enter West Point | | | 1898 | Battles of El Caney and San Juan Hill, outside Santiago, Cuba | | | 1898 | Skirmish at Aguadores, Cuba | | | 1898 | US ships exchange fire with Spanish batteries, Havana | | | 1903 | Geronimo is baptized in the Methodist Church | | | 1913 | Second Balkan War: Serbia & Greece declare war on Bulgaria | | | 1916 | Battle of the Somme begins | | | 1940 | German troops occupy the Channel Islands | | | 1942 | The Germans capture Sevastopol after a long siege | | | 1943 | Japanese DD Hokaze damaged by US sub Thresher in the Southwest Pacific. | | | 1943 | Marine 4th Raider Bn captures Viru Harbor on New Georgia. | | | 1945 | Australians land at Balikpapan, Borneo, against stiff resistance | | | 1946 | US test atomic bomb at Bikini Atoll, the 4th nuclear explosion | | | 1950 | First US ground troops arrive in Korea | | | 1960 | USSR shoots down US RB-47 | | | 1961 | British troops land in Kuwait to prevent an Iraqi invasion | | | 1962 | Belgian "Trust Territories" of Burundi and Rwanda became independent | | | 1969 | Prince Charles is invested as the Prince of Wales | | 2 | 310 | Accession of Pope St. Militades (or maybe 311), d. 314 | | | 1187 | Saladin captures Tiberias, besieges the Citadel (falls 5th) | | | 1214 | Battle of La Roche-aux-Moines (Angers) | | | 1247 | Emperor Frederick II lays siege to Parma (lifted Feb 18,1248) | | | 1298 | Battle of Goellheim\Worms: Albert of Austria defeats Adolf von Nassau Weilburg, his rival for Holy Roman Emperor | | | 1431 | Battle of Bulgneville: The Angevins defeat the Lorrainers | | | 1461 | Battle of Nidastore: The Malatesti of Rimini defeat Pope Pius II’s forces | | | 1600 | Battle of Nieuport: Dutch defeat the Spanish | | | 1625 | Breda falls to the Spanish after a year’s siege | | | 1644 | Battle of Marston Moor: Roundheads defeat the Royalists | | | 1704 | Battle of Schellenberg: Anglo-Imperialists defeat the Franco-Bavarians | | | 1747 | Battle of Lauffeld: Marshal Saxe’s French defeat the Duke of Cumberland’s Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverians | | | 1776 | Continental Congress declares the Thirteen Colonies independent | | | 1777 | Vermont becomes 1st American "state" to abolish slavery | | | 1794 | The Veteran Corps of Artillery of the State of New York initiates the custom of firing an Independence Day salute at The Battery | | | 1814 | Jacob Brown captures Ft. Erie, Ontario, from the British | | | 1820 | Carbonari coup at Naples installs a liberal Constitution | | | 1861 | Battle of Hoke's Run, WV | | | 1862 | Lincoln calls for an additional 300,000 volunteers | | | 1863 | Battle of Gettysburg, Day 2: A draw | | | 1863 | John Hunt Morgan's Burksville-Salineville Raid begins(to July 26) | | | 1864 | Jubal's Raid: Winchester falls | | | 1882 | James Garfield, veteran, mortally wounded by a disappointed office seeker | | | 1898 | Cape Tunas, Cuba: US ships & Spanish batteries exchange fire | | | 1898 | Santiago: US ships & Spanish batteries exchange fire | | | 1898 | Skirmishing outside Santiago, as US begins close investment | | | 1900 | Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin's first airship, the LZ-1, flies | | | 1903 | US leases Guantanamo Bay from Cuba for $2,000 a year | | | 1923 | Naval Research Laboratory established in Washington | | | 1926 | Army Air Corps becomes an autonomous bracnh of the Army | | | 1926 | Congress authorizes the Distinguished Flying Cross. | | | 1934 | General Lazaro Cardenas elected president of Mexico | | | 1941 | Nazis murder 7,000 in Lvov | | | 1942 | Chiang names Stilwell commander of Chinese forces in India. | | | 1942 | JCS authorize "Operation Watchtower," the seizure of Guadalcanal | | | 1942 | New York Times reports Nazi mass murder of Jews | | | 1943 | 37th and 43rd Divs and Marines land on Munda on New Georgia | | | 1943 | Japanese cruisers and destroyers shell U.S. positions at Rendova | | | 1943 | Lt Charles Hall, 99th Pursuit Sqn, becomes the first black pilot to shoot down a Nazi plane, a Focke-Wulf 190 over Pantelleria | | | 1944 | Marshal von Kluge replaces von Rundstedt in command in France | | | 1944 | Saipan: Japanese retire northwards to make a last stand. | | | 1944 | US troops land on Noemfoor, off New Guinea. | | | 1951 | "Plan 9 from Outer Space" released; the worst movie in history | | | 1957 | Grayback launched, first sub designed to fire guided missiles | | | 1957 | Seawolf completed, first sub with liquid metal cooled reactor | | | 1966 | First French nuclear explosion, Mururoa atoll | | | 1980 | Pres Carter resumes draft registration for 18 year old men | | | 1993 | Moslem fundamentalists set hotel on fire in Sivas, Turkey, 36 die | | 3 | 323 | Battle of Adrianople: Constantine defeats Licinius | | | 987 | Hugh Capet crowned King of France | | | 1428 | Treaty of Delft: Between Jacob of Bavaria and Philip the Good of France | | | 1448 | Battle of Scutari: The Albanians defeat the Venetians | | | 1620 | Treaty of Ulm: German states declare neutrality in the Hapsburg-Bohemian conflict | | | 1657 | Naval Battle of the Dardanelles, Day 1: Venetians skirmish with the Turks | | | 1778 | British & Indians massacre 360 men, women & children in Wyoming, Pa | | | 1790 | Naval Battle of Viborg: Swedish fleet breaks out of the Russian blockade (since May 22) | | | 1798 | Geo. Washington commissioned Lt Gen for the Quasi-War with France | | | 1861 | Martinsburg, Va: Confederates pull out before US advance | | | 1863 | Battle Gettysburg, Day 3: "Pickett’s Charge" is shattered | | | 1863 | Battle of Donaldsonville, LA | | | 1864 | Battle of Chattahoochee River, GA [until Jul 9] | | | 1898 | Naval Battle of Santiago: Spanish squadron is annihilated | | | 1915 | Erich Muenter blows up the Senate reception room | | | 1939 | Ernst Heinkel demonstrates 800-kph rocket plane to Hitler | | | 1940 | Royal Navy inflicts heavy losses on the French fleet at Oran, Algeria | | | 1941 | Germans slaughter c. 2,000 Jews in Bialystock | | | 1942 | Japanese from Tulagi land on Guadalcanal to construct an airfied | | | 1943 | New Guinea: Australian 3rd Div links with MacKechnie Force, Nassau Bay | | | 1944 | U.S. Navy ships bombard Iwo Jima and the Bonin Islands. | | | 1945 | Australian troops capture oil fields at Balikpapan, Borneo. | | | 1947 | USSR refuses to join the "Imperialistic" Marshall Plan | | | 1950 | First US-North Korean clash: TF Smith is overrun | | | 1954 | World War II food rationing ends in Britain | | | 1976 | Entebbe Raid: Israel rescues 103 held by Palestinian hijackers in Uganda | | | 1986 | Relighting of the Statue of Liberty after protracted renovations | | | 1988 | USS Vincennes accidentally shoots down an Iranian airliner, 290 die | | 4 | 1187 | Battle of Hattin: Saladin defeats the Crusaders under King Guy of Jerusalem | | | 1190 | King Philip II's French & Richard I's English armies unite at Vezelay, to begin the 3rd Crusade | | | 1299 | Battle of Cape Orlando: Roger de Lauria's Catalan fleet defeats the Sicilians | | | 1301 | Battle of Breukelen: Holland defeats Lichtenberg. | | | 1547 | Battle of Oglio: the French defeat the Spanish | | | 1642 | Castro War: Battle of Codigoro - Papal Army defeats the Venetians | | | 1657 | Battle of the Dardanelles, Day 2: Venetian fleet defeats the Turks | | | 1708 | Battle of Holowczin: The Swedes defeat the Russians | | | 1754 | George Washington surrenders Ft. Necessity to the French | | | 1763 | Ojibwa and Sauk Indians capture Ft. Michilimackinac from the British | | | 1776 | Independence Day: The Signing of the Declaration of Independence begins | | | 1777 | John Paul Jones hoists the Stars and Stripes on Ranger, Portsmouth, NH. | | | 1801 | 1st Presidential Review of the Marine Band and Marines, at the White House. | | | 1802 | US Military Academy opens at West Point | | | 1806 | Battle of Maida: upset British victory over the French in Calabria | | | 1818 | Congress rules the flag shall have 13 stripes, and one star for each state | | | 1832 | Samuel Francis Smith's "America" is sung in public for the first time | | | 1842 | Old gunboat Boxer is sunk in first trials of electrical underwater "torpedo" | | | 1848 | "The Communist Manifesto" is published, inspiring immense slaughter | | | 1857 | Great Battle between the Dead Rabbits and the Bowery B'hoys in The Bowery | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Harper's Ferry, WV | | | 1862 | Battle of Port Royal, SC | | | 1862 | John Hunt Morgan begins a raid in Kentucky, from Tomkinsville to reach Somerset by the 28th | | | 1863 | Battle of Gettysburg, Day 4: The armies hold their ground, as Lee hopes Meade will do a “Pickett”, while Meade sees no point in reprising a disaster | | | 1863 | Battle of Helena, Ark: Union Victory | | | 1863 | Skirmish at Smithburg, TN | | | 1863 | Vicksburg surrenders to U.S. Grant | | | 1865 | The 69th New York returns from the Cuvuk War by marching up Broadway | | | 1866 | Battle of Monte Sullo: The Austrians defeat the Garibaldini | | | 1866 | Battle of Vezza d'Oglio: The Garibaldini defeat the Austrians | | | 1875 | White rioters kill blacks in Vicksburg | | | 1879 | Battle of Ulundi: The British crush the Zulu Army | | | 1895 | Pubication of "America the Beautiful,” by Katherine Lee Bates | | | 1936 | League of Nations applies sanctions on Italy over Ethiopia. | | | 1942 | Aussie coastwatchers report Japanese airfield building on Guadalcanal. | | | 1942 | First American bombing mission over Nazi-occupied Europe | | | 1942 | Japanese DD Nehoni is sunk in the Aleutians by U.S. submarine Triton. | | | 1942 | The American Volunteer Group ("Flying Tigers") becomes the Fourteenth Air Force | | | 1943 | Elms 37th Infantry Div land at Bairoko, on Kula Gulf | | | 1943 | Japanese DDs with reinforcements for Vila, Kula Gulf, sink a U.S. DD | | | 1944 | Elms 503rd Parachute Inf drop on Noemfoor, to reinforce troops there | | | 1946 | Anti-Jewish riots in Kielce, Poland, 39 die | | | 1946 | Philippines gain independence from US, on schedule despite World War II | | | 1950 | USS Valley Forge & HMS Triumph make first UN air strikes of the Korean War | | | 1976 | Israeli commando raid liberates a hijacked airliner at Entebbe, Uganda | | | 1987 | Nazi Klaus Barbie, "Butcher of Lyon" convicted by a French court | | 5 | 46 | Caesar returns to Rome following victory in the African War. | | | 663 | Constans II visits Rome, the first emperor to do so in over a century | | | 1044 | Battle of Menfo: The Germans defeat the Magyars | | | 1187 | Saladin captures the citdael of Tiberias (invested the 2nd) | | | 1294 | Pietro di Murrone is elected Pope as Celestine V (5 Jul-13 Dec 1294), abdicates, d. 1296, later canonized | | | 1450 | Battle of Southwark: Jack Cade’s Kentish rebels beat Matthew Gough | | | 1750 | Slave revolt in Curaçao | | | 1806 | Spanish defeat a British attempt to take Buenos Aires | | | 1809 | Battle of Wagram, Day 1: Napoleon v. the Austrians (ends 6th) | | | 1809 | Rome: Napoleon’s troops kidnap Pope Pius VII and carry him into exile | | | 1811 | Venezuela declares independence from Spain | | | 1814 | Battle of Chippewa: "By God, these are regulars!" | | | 1814 | US Sloop-of-War Peacock captures four British ships | | | 1830 | The French capture Algiers | | | 1861 | Battle of Carthage, Mo | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Newport News: US retakes Gosport Naval Base | | | 1863 | Battle of Gettysburg, Day 5: Lee retreats | | | 1863 | Battles of Jackson and Birdsong Ferry, Ms | | | 1865 | US forms the Secret Service, to combat counterfeiting | | | 1924 | Military revolt in Sao Paulo, Brazil | | | 1932 | Antonio de Oliveira Salazar becomes premier/dictator of Portugal (1932-1968) | | | 1933 | Catholic Center Party disbanded by the Nazis | | | 1941 | Surprise Peruvian offensive opens war with Ecuador (truce, July 22) | | | 1942 | Aerial recon confirms Japanese airfield construction on Guadalcanal. | | | 1942 | Aleutians: Sub Growler sinks Japanese destroyer Arare near Kiska. | | | 1943 | "Tokyo Express" supply mission departs Rabaul | | | 1943 | Damaged Japanese submarine I-7 is scuttled at Kiska | | | 1943 | Japan cedes five Malay provinces to Siam, as a bribe. | | | 1943 | The Battle of Kursk beings | | | 1944 | Japanese at Imphal decide to withdraw, having lost 53,000 troops | | | 1962 | Algeria becomes independent of France | | | 1975 | Cape Verde Islands gain independence after 500 years under Portugal | | | 1977 | Pakistan: coup by Gen Mohammad Zia ul-Haq | | | 1993 | Kudish guerrillas murder 32 villagers in East Turkey | | 6 | 83 | Devastating fire destroys the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus | | | 432 | Consecration of Pope St. Sixtus III (432-440) | | | 1266 | Norway cedes Man and the Hebridies to Scotland | | | 1322 | Battle of the Bassignana: The Visconti defeat their enemies | | | 1483 | England's King Richard III crowned | | | 1495 | Battle of Foronovo: French King Charles VIII defeats the Italian League | | | 1553 | Mary I ascends the throne of England | | | 1560 | Treaty of Edinburgh: Scotland abandons its French ties to ally with England | | | 1641 | Battle of Sedan: Imperialists defeat the French | | | 1652 | Netherlands declares war on England: First Anglo-Dutch War begins (1652-54) | | | 1685 | Battle of Sedgemoor: King James II defeats the Duke of Monmouth | | | 1699 | Capt William Kidd arrested in Boston | | | 1758 | Carlo Della Torre Rezzonico elected Pope as Clement XIII (1758-1769) | | | 1777 | Burgoyne’s British & Hessians capture Fort Ticonderoga | | | 1782 | Battle of Negapatam: Indecisive Anglo-French naval clash off India | | | 1785 | Congress introduces the dollar | | | 1801 | First Naval Battle of Algeciras: Franco-Spanish squadron defeats the British | | | 1809 | Battle of Wagram, Day 2: Napoleon defeats the Austrians (ends 6th) | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Middle Creek Fork/Buckhannon, WVa | | | 1862 | Battle of Devall's Bluff, AR | | | 1863 | Battle of Williamsport, Md begins (to Jul 7) | | | 1864 | Battle of Chattahoochee River, Ga., begins (to Jul 10) | | | 1864 | Jubal Early’s Rebs capture Hagerstown, Maryland | | | 1898 | US Auxiliary Cruiser Dixie captures three Spanish merchantmen | | | 1911 | First naval air station established, Annapolis, MD. | | | 1917 | T.E. Lawrence and the Arab Army capture Aqaba | | | 1923 | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formed | | | 1937 | Battle of Brunete: Spanish Republicans open offensive (defeated by 26th) | | | 1942 | German troops capture Voronez, USSR | | | 1942 | The Frank family seeks shelter in the After house, Amsterdam | | | 1943 | Kula Gulf: USS Helena lost to "Tokyo Express," which loses a destroyer | | | 1943 | U.S. ships begin periodic shelling of Japanese positions on Kiska | | | 1945 | Movement to the US of captured German scientists and equipment begins | | | 1945 | President Truman establishes the Medal of Freedom | | | 1967 | Biafran War erupts as Nigerian forces invade secessionist province | | | 1976 | First women asmitted to the U.S. Naval Academy | | | 1985 | USS submarine Nautilus arrives at Groton, Ct., to become a museum | | | 1987 | Sikh extremists begin a series of massacres in India | | | 1989 | Col. Oliver North convicted in the Iran-Contra Scandal | | | 1998 | Anti-Catholic rioting in Northern Ireland | | 7 | 54 | Caesar defeats the Britons near Bigbury | | | 1124 | Tyre surrenders to the Crusaders | | | 1191 | Battle of Rudiano: Brescians defeat the Bergamesci | | | 1456 | Ecclesiastical court clears Joan of Arc of witchcraft charges, posthumously | | | 1460 | Battle of the Sarno/Salmi: The Angevins defeat Ferrante I of Naples | | | 1495 | Ferrante II recovers Naples from Charles VIII's French | | | 1498 | Lucrezia Borgia (18) marries Alfonso d’Aragona (17) | | | 1540 | Francisco Vasquez de Coronado captures the Zuni Pueblo of Hawikul, NM | | | 1647 | Masaniello initiates a rebellion against Spanish rule in Naples | | | 1674 | Anti-Spanish uprising begins at Messina | | | 1798 | Congress rescinds treaties with France; Quasi War begins | | | 1798 | US Frigate Delaware captures French privateer Croyable. | | | 1801 | Toussaint L'Ouverture declares Haitian independence | | | 1807 | Tilsit: Napoleon makes peace with Prussia & Russia | | | 1829 | Royal Military Chapel established | | | 1838 | Central American Federation is dissolved | | | 1846 | Commo John D. Sloat takes Monterey, claims California for the US | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Great Falls, Va | | | 1864 | Jubal's Raid: Skirmish at Middleton, MD | | | 1908 | Great White Fleet leaves San Francisco Bay | | | 1915 | First Battle of the Isonzo ends (from Jun 23) | | | 1916 | Thomas Edison becomes head of Naval Consulting Board, to study new technology | | | 1920 | USN aircraft tests the “radio compass”, Norfolk, Va | | | 1937 | Marco Polo Bridge: Japanese initiate the "China Incident" | | | 1941 | Iceland: Marines relieve British forces to fight elsewhere | | | 1941 | Nazis murder 5,000 Jews in Kovono, Lithuania | | | 1943 | Japanese ships sail from Paramushiro to evacuate the Kiska garrison. | | | 1944 | RAF drops 2,572 tons on Caen, to support ground attack | | | 1944 | Saipan: Japanese troops make a final "banzai" charge | | | 1944 | U.S. B-29s from China attack Japan. | | | 1944 | US troops capture Rosignano, NW of Rome | | | 1948 | First women sworn into the Naval Reserve | | | 1956 | Dynamite explosion, Cali, Columbia, over 1,000 die | | | 1960 | USSR shoots down a US aircraft over the Barents Sea | | | 1966 | Marines initiate “Operation Hasting” - to clear NVA from the DMZ | | | 1999 | Sierra Leone: Agreement between Pres Ahmad Tejan Kabbah & Foday Sankoh ends civil war. | | | 2005 | Islamist terrorists detonate 4 bombs on London subways and a bus, over 50 k, c. 700 injured. | | 8 | 452 | Pope Leo I convinces Atilla the Hun not to attack Rome, possibly with a substantial bribe | | | 1191 | Saladin burns Haifa | | | 1283 | Battle of Malta: Ruggiero di Lauria’s Aragonese & Sicilians defeat the Angevin fleet in Malta Harbor | | | 1520 | Battle of Otumba: Cortes defeats the Aztecs | | | 1573 | Spanish capture Haarlem from the Dutch after a seven month siege | | | 1709 | Poltava: Tsar Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden | | | 1758 | Disastrous British/Provincial assault on French-held Ft Carillon/Ticonderoga | | | 1776 | Col John Nixon gives first public reading of Declaration of Independence | | | 1838 | Arabs attack Jewish community of Safed in Palestine | | | 1853 | Commo Matthew C. Perry sails frigate Susquehanna into Tokyo Bay | | | 1860 | Great Fire of Dallas, touches off slave insurrection hysteria across central Texas, scores of blacks lynched | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Florida, MI | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Laurel Hill/Bealington, WVa | | | 1865 | C.E. Barnes receives a patent for a machine gun | | | 1898 | Commo George Dewey's US forces occupy Isla Grande at Manila | | | 1912 | Capt Enrico Millo takes an Italian MTB sqn into the Dardanelles, to raid Turkish shipping in the Marmora | | | 1918 | Ernest Hemingway wounded at Fossalto, on the Piave | | | 1941 | Nazis order Jews in the Baltic States to wear a Star of David | | | 1944 | British troops capture Caen, a month behind schedule | | | 1944 | Guam shelled by U.S. ships | | | 1945 | TF38 arrives off Japan with 20 carriers; to stay until the war is over | | | 1950 | Douglas MacArthur named CinC UN forces in Korea | | 9 | 0 | National Prisoner-of-War/Missing-in-Action Recognition Day | | | 455 | Eparchius Avitus proclaimed Roman Emperor (455-456); deposed, d. 457 | | | 586 | Babylonian King Nebukadnezar II takes Jerusalem; beginning of the “Babylonian Captivity” | | | 1553 | Battle of Sievershausen: Elector Maurice I of Saxony defeats Albert of Brandenburg-Kulmbach | | | 1755 | Braddock's Defeat: the Battle of the Monangahela | | | 1776 | Declaration of Independence is read to Washington's troops in NY, whereupon New Yorkers pull down George III’s statue at Bowling Green to make musket balls | | | 1790 | 2d Battle of Ruotsinaslami/Svenksund: Russo-Swedish fleets clash (to the 10th) | | | 1816 | Argentina declares independence from Spain | | | 1846 | Landing party from USS Portsmouth occupies San Francisco. | | | 1860 | Moslems commence 3-day massacre of Christians at Damascus | | | 1862 | Gen John Hunt Morgan captures Tompkinsville, Ky | | | 1863 | Union troops capture Port Hudson | | | 1864 | Jubal's Raid: Battle of Monocacy, Md | | | 1864 | Jubal's Raid: Confederates extort $200,000 from Frederick, Md | | | 1876 | Black landowner murdered by white supremacists in Hamburg, SC | | | 1900 | Commonwealth of Australia established | | | 1915 | German South West Africa captured by South African troops | | | 1916 | Cargo submarine Deutschland arrives in US from Germany | | | 1917 | HM Battleship Vanguard blows up at Scapa Flow, 804 die | | | 1918 | Congress establishes the Distinguished Service Cross | | | 1918 | Henry Ford launches the first of 100 Eagle boats | | | 1926 | Chang Kai-shek appointed national-revolutionary supreme commander | | | 1926 | Gen. Sinel de Cordes leads coup in Portugal | | | 1934 | Reichsfuhrer-SS Himmler takes command of German Concentration Camps | | | 1940 | Battle of Punta Stilo: indecisive British-Italian fleet action | | | 1940 | RAF bombs Germany | | | 1941 | British break the German Russian Front air-ground ops code | | | 1942 | Toscanini conducts the American premiere of Shoshtakovich’s “Leningrad Symphony” in New York | | | 1943 | Italian blockade running sub Capellini reaches Sumatra. | | | 1943 | US ships shelling Munda beat off c. 100 Japanese aircraft. | | | 1944 | US secures Saipan: 3,200 US, 27,000 Japanese KIA, & many civilian suicides | | 10 | 1460 | Battle of Northampton: Lord Grey defeats King Henry VI | | | 1609 | German Catholic League established under Maximillian of Bavaria | | | 1690 | Battle of Beachy Head: French fleet defeats Anglo-Dutch fleet | | | 1721 | Peace of Nystad: Ends the Great Northern War (1700-1721) | | | 1775 | Horatio Gates orders blacks excluded from the Continental Army | | | 1790 | 2d Battle of Ruotsinaslami/Svenksund: Swedish fleet beats Russians (from 9th) | | | 1821 | U.S. takes possession of Florida from Spain | | | 1861 | Combat at Monroe Sta., Va. | | | 1863 | Battle of Jackson, Ms, beings (ends Jul 16) | | | 1863 | Siege of Morris Island, SC, begins (ends Sep 6) | | | 1898 | Marchand's French column occupies Fashoda, Sudan (stay 'til December) | | | 1898 | Santiago: Skirmishing between US & Spanish troops | | | 1913 | Romania declares war on Bulgaria | | | 1917 | Emma Goldman imprisoned for obstructing the draft | | | 1923 | All non-fascist parties in Italy are dissolved | | | 1938 | Howard Hughes completes 91-hour 'round-the-world flight, NY-NY | | | 1941 | Polish residents of Jedwabne massacre 1,600 Jews, and blame the Nazis | | | 1942 | Himmler orders sterilization of all Jewish woman in Ravensbruck Camp | | | 1942 | USAAF agrees to increase a/c strength in the Pacific, slowing buildup in Britain | | | 1943 | First B-25 raid on Paramushiro (Kuriles) from Attu | | | 1943 | Operation Husky: US & Commonwealth forces invade Sicily | | | 1944 | Burma: Chinese engage in heavy fighting on the Salween front | | | 1944 | Isolated Japanese troops launch a counter attack at Aitape, New Guinea | | | 1944 | Marion Anderson sings "La Marseillaise" for de Gaulle, La Guardia, & NYC | | | 1945 | Massive U.S./Br CV raids on airfields and industrial sites around Tokyo | | | 1953 | American troops abandon Pork Chop Hill, Korea | | | 1960 | Belgium sends troops to Congo | | 11 | 355 | Silvanus proclaimed Roman Emperor at Colonia Agrippina (Aug 11-Sep 7, 355) | | | 1244 | The Khwarismian Turks take Jerusalem, amid great slaughter | | | 1269 | Battle of the Val d'Elsa: Florentine Guelfs defeat the Sienese Ghibellines | | | 1276 | Election of Pope Hadrian V (Jul 11-Aug 18, 1276 | | | 1289 | Battle of Campaldino: Florentine Guelfs (including Dante) defeat the Arretine Ghibbelines | | | 1302 | Battle of Courtrai/Battle of the Spurs: Flemish burgers defeat French knights | | | 1740 | Jews are expelled from Belarus by Tsarina Anne | | | 1786 | US pays Morocco $10,000 to “protect” merchant ships from piracy | | | 1792 | Prussia invades France | | | 1798 | Congress reactivates the USMC, disbanded in 1784 | | | 1812 | US invades Canada near Detroit | | | 1838 | Russian fleet of three ships-of-the-line & c. 30 other vessels wrecked in a storm on the Circassian coast, in the Black Sea | | | 1859 | Peace of Villafranca: Austria cedes northern Italy to Sardinia | | | 1861 | Battle of Rich Mountain, VA: Gen Rosecrans forces rebels to surrender | | | 1862 | Lincoln appoints Henry Halleck general-in-chief | | | 1898 | USN bombards Santiago harbor defenses | | | 1915 | Germany cruiser Konigsberg scuttled near Dar-es-Salam, Tangynika | | | 1919 | Navy Pay Corps becomes the Supply Corps | | | 1934 | FDR becomes the first sitting president to transit the Panama Canal, passing from the Caribbean to the Pacific aboard USS Houston (CA 30) | | | 1942 | Japanese GHQ acknowledges the results of the Battle of Midway | | | 1943 | U.S. cruisers and destroyers shell Munda. | | | 1943 | USN surface ships break German-Italian tank attack at Gela, Sicily | | | 1955 | USAF Academy opens with 300 cadets at Lowry AFB, Colo. | | | 1975 | 8,000 porcelain soldiers are unearthed in the tomb of Qin Shi Huangdi | | | 1977 | Martin Luther King, Jr., posthumously awarded the Medal of Freedom | | | 1999 | Puerto Barrios, Guatemala: Cols Bill Gross & Austin Bay lend a hand after a 6.8 earthquake stikes at 0814 | | 12 | 1096 | “Beggars’ Crusade” under Peter the Hermit reaches Sofia in Hungary | | | 1109 | Crusaders capture Tripoli, Syria | | | 1151 | Election of Pope Anastasius IV (1151-1152) | | | 1191 | Richard Lionheart & the Crusades take Acre after a long siege | | | 1260 | Battle of Kroissenburnn: The Bohemians defeat the Hungarians | | | 1276 | Ottobuono Fieschi elected Pope as Adrian V (12 Jul-18 Aug 1276) | | | 1290 | King Edward I orders the Jews expelled from England | | | 1434 | Massacre of Camerino: Slaughter of the Varano at mass | | | 1470 | Turks capture Negroponte [Euboea] from the Venetians amid great slaughter | | | 1543 | England's King Henry VIII weds Catherine Parr, his sixth and last wife | | | 1573 | Haarlem falls to the Spanish, after a siege begun on Dec 11, 1572 | | | 1691 | Battle of Aughrim, Ireland: William III defeats James II, ending the Williamite War | | | 1702 | Battle of Klissow: The Swedes defeat the Saxons | | | 1730 | Lorenzo Corsini elected Pope as Clement XII (1730-40) | | | 1784 | Spanish-Neapolitan-Portuguese-Maltese fleet bombards Algiers (to 21st) to supress piracy | | | 1794 | Calvi, Corsica: Lord Nelson loses his right eye | | | 1801 | Second Naval Battle of Algeciras: British defeat a Franco-Spanish squadron | | | 1806 | Napoleon establishes the Confederation of the Rhine | | | 1812 | Gen Hull’s US forces invade Canada | | | 1836 | First USN Engineer Officer commissioned, Charles H. Haswell | | | 1861 | Combat at Barboursville/Red House, WVa | | | 1861 | Combat of Beverly Ford, Va | | | 1862 | Congress authorizes a “Medal of Honor” for the Navy | | | 1864 | Battle of Ft. Stevens: Lincoln observes Jubal Early's Rebel skirmishers | | | 1906 | Alfred Dreyfus is finally cleared of all charges by the French Army – [see Deaths] | | | 1916 | USS North Carolina (ACR–12) becomes the first American ship regularly operating aircraft | | | 1918 | Japanese battleship Kawachi is destroyed by an internal explosion in Tokuyama Bay | | | 1941 | First Luftwaffe air raid on Moscow | | | 1941 | Germans murder c. 5,000 Jews near Bialystock | | | 1942 | New Guinea: Australian Maroubra Force reach Kokoda | | | 1942 | U-Boat lands four German saboteurs on Long Island, who are soon captured | | | 1943 | Kolombangara: "Tokyo Express" tangles with Allied ships, who lose, badly | | | 1943 | Russians halt German offensive at Kursk | | | 1944 | Allied attempt to take Myitkina, Burma, foiled by "friendly" air attacks | | | 1944 | Theresienstadt Concentration Camp disbanded, with 4,000 people gassed | | | 1948 | First jets to fly the Atlantic: 6 RAF de Havilland Vampires | | | 1978 | Puerto Rican nationalist Willie Morales is severely injured by a blast in his bomb factory in New York, but escapes anyway | | | 1982 | FEMA promises that survivors of a nuclear war will get their mail | | 13 | 633 | Battle of Ajnadain: Arab Moslems defeat the Byzantines | | | 982 | Battle of Stilo/Cape Colonna: HRE Otto II defeated by the Byzantines & Sicilian Moslems in Calabria | | | 1462 | Battle of Mondolfo: The Papal Army defeats the Malatesti of Rimini | | | 1494 | French Fleet prevents the Neapolitan Fleet from capturing Genoa | | | 1534 | Ottomans capture Tabriz, Persia | | | 1643 | Battle of Roundway Down: Cavaliers beat the Roundheads | | | 1789 | The French Committee of Public Safety creates the National Guard | | | 1863 | Battle of Bayou La Fourche, La | | | 1863 | Battle of Tupelo/Harrisburg, Ms, begins (ends Jul 15) | | | 1863 | USS Wyoming defeats Japanese warlord at the Shimonoseki Straits | | | 1864 | Ashville, Georgia, captured by Union cavalry | | | 1864 | Jubal Early retreats from Washington, towards the Shenandoah Valley | | | 1878 | Congress of Berlin restructures the Balkans | | | 1919 | Race riots in Longview & Gregg Counties, Texas | | | 1941 | Anglo-Soviet mutual assistance pact is concluded | | | 1942 | SS shoots 1,500 Jews in Josefov, Poland | | | 1943 | New Guinea: Australian 3rd Div clears the Japanese from the Mubo | | | 1944 | Fighting continues on Noemfoor. | | 14 | 914 | Papal-Italo-Lombard-Byzantine army invests Arab-held Minturno (falls September) | | | 939 | Acession of Pope Stephen [VIII] IX (939-942) | | | 1187 | Saladin captures Nablus | | | 1223 | Louis VIII becomes King of France (1223-1226) | | | 1291 | Egyptian Mamlukes take Sidon | | | 1420 | Battle of Vitkov: Hussites defeat the Imperialists | | | 1456 | Battle of Belgrade: The Hungarians defeated the Ottomans | | | 1500 | The “Wedding of Blood”: Astorre Baglioni marries Lavinia Colonna in Perugia, and estranged family members stage a coup | | | 1536 | Pact of Lyon: France and Portugal ally against Spain | | | 1714 | Aland Is: Russian fleet routs larger Swedish one | | | 1789 | Citizens of Paris storm the Bastille | | | 1799 | Michele “Fra Diavolo” Pezza weds Fortunata Rachele, Itri | | | 1808 | Battle of Medina de Rio Seco: The French defeat the Spanish | | | 1813 | Lt John M. Gamble, becomes the only US Marine to command a ship, the prize Greenwich | | | 1822 | Denmark Vesey "Slave Conspiracy" in South Carolina uncovered | | | 1825 | Lafayette reviews 2nd Bn, 11th NY Arty (7th NY), which adopts the name "The National Guard" | | | 1853 | Commo Matthew Perry holds first meeting with Japanese officials | | | 1861 | Battle at Carrick's Ford, Va | | | 1861 | Bull Run Campaign: Gen McDowell advances toward Fairfax Courthouse | | | 1861 | USN establishes a blockade of Wilmington, NC | | | 1863 | Battle of Falling Waters, Md. | | | 1867 | Alfred Nobel gives the first public demonstration of dynamite | | | 1882 | Four U.S. ships help British restore order in Alexandria, Egypt. | | | 1900 | The “China Relief Expedition” captures Tientsin from the Boxers | | | 1933 | Nazi Party becomes the only legal party in Germany | | | 1936 | Cashiered LtCdr John Semer Farnsworth (USNA 1915) is arrested for espionage; convicted, gets 11 years | | | 1938 | Mussolini begins persecution of Jews and other "non-Aryans” | | | 1942 | India: Supply flights begin over "The Hump" to China | | | 1942 | Yamamoto creates the Eighth Fleet for operations in the South Pacific | | | 1943 | Japanese sub I-179 is lost to an accident in home waters. | | | 1952 | Keel is laid for the USS Forrestal (CVA-59), the first supercarrier to be completed | | | 1959 | First nuclear powered cruiser commissioned, USS Long Beach | | | 1969 | Soccer War: El Salvador invades Honduras, c. 1000 die | | | 1972 | Vietnam: Jane Fonda makes first of 10 broadcasts on Radio Hanoi. | | 15 | 111 | Double Triumph of the Metelli Brothers: Marcus for the conquest of Sardinia, Gaius for Thrace | | | 496 | Battle of Lake Regillius: Romans defeat the Tarquins | | | 1099 | Crusaders capture Jerusalem, c. 40,000 slaughtered | | | 1215 | King John of England "assents" to Magna Carta | | | 1410 | Battle of Tannenburg: Poles and Lithuanians trounce Teutonic Knights | | | 1500 | Alfonso d’Aragona, husband of Lucrezia Borgia, is brutally attacked at St. Peter’s (see 18 Aug) | | | 1544 | "Battle of the Shirts" (Invergarry): Clans Ranald, Cameron, & Donald (8 of c. 600 survived) defeat Clan Fraser (4 of 300) | | | 1761 | Battle of Vellinghuasen: Austrian night attack defeats the French by the 16th | | | 1779 | "Mad" Anthony Wayne captures Stony Point, NY, at bayonet point | | | 1789 | The Marquis de Lafayette is named Commander of the National Guard of Paris | | | 1795 | The “Marseillaise” becomes the French national anthem | | | 1798 | HMS Lion (74) takes the Spanish Santa Dorotea (40) in a two hour fight, capturing Lt. Jose de San Martin, serving as a marine | | | 1862 | Battle of Yazoo Pas: CSS Arkansas fights USSs Cardondelet & Queen of the West | | | 1864 | Confederate P/W train collides with a coal train, 65 die, 109 injured | | | 1869 | Margarine patented by Hippolye Mega-Mouris, for use by the French Navy | | | 1870 | Congress establishes the Navy Pay Corps, now the Supply Corps. | | | 1907 | Turret blast in battleship Georgia (BB-15); 10 dead, 27 injured | | | 1916 | William Boeing founds an aircraft company in Seattle | | | 1918 | Second Battle of the Marne begins | | | 1937 | Buchenwald Concentration Camp opens | | | 1942 | Sub Grunion sinks 3 Japanese sub chasers and a ship in the Aleutians | | | 1943 | Central Solomons: in a daylight air battle, the Japanese lose 45 a/c to 3 US. | | | 1944 | Greenwich Observatory damaged by V-1 flying bomb | | | 1944 | Heavy fighting in the Aitape area of New Guinea. | | | 1945 | U.S. BBs raid the Japanese Home Islands, shell Kamamishi | | | 1958 | Marines land in Lebanon, to support government (‘til October). | | | 1974 | Greek extremists depose Archbishop Makarios as president of Cyprus | | | 1992 | Aretha Franklin sings the national anthem at the Democratic National Convention, NYC | | 16 | 622 | The Hadj: Mohammed flees Mecca for Medina - Islamic Chronology begins | | | 1054 | The Great Schism between Western and Eastern Christianity | | | 1099 | Crusaders herd Jews of Jerusalem into a synagogue & set it afire | | | 1212 | Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa; end of Moslem domination of Spain | | | 1429 | Joan of Arc leads French army in Battle of Orleans | | | 1683 | Turkish troops under Kara Mustafa attack Vienna | | | 1705 | Battle of Cassano d'Adda: The French defeat the Imperialists | | | 1774 | Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainardji: ends Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774 | | | 1857 | Sir Henry Havelock arrives at Battle of Cawnpore | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Millsville/Wentzville, Mo | | | 1862 | David G. Farragut is named the first Rear Admiral in the USN | | | 1894 | Battle of Kassale: Italians defeat the Sudanese Mahdists | | | 1894 | Negro miners in Alabama killed by striking whites | | | 1912 | RAdm Bradley Fiske receives a patent for the airborne torpedo. | | | 1920 | Gen Amos Fries appointed First US Chief of Chemical Warfare | | | 1940 | Hitler orders preparations for "Operation Sea Lion" | | | 1942 | French police arrest c. 20,000 Jews as a favor for the Germans | | | 1944 | Australian warships shell Japanese near Aitape, New Guinea. | | | 1944 | With the aid of the Polish Resistance, the Soviets capture Vilna, Lithuania, from the Germans | | | 1945 | Trinity: the first Atomic Bomb is tested in New Mexico. | | | 1946 | US sentences 46 SS-men to death for the Malmedy massacre | | | 1951 | King Leopold III of Belgium abdicates under pressure over wartime collaboration | | | 1957 | Marine Maj John Glenn sets transcontinental air speed record (03:28:08) | | | 1962 | NASA civilian test pilot Joseph A Walker takes X-15 to 32,600 m | | | 1969 | Apollo 11 leaves for the Moon | | | 2006 | Prince Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, 69, heir to the throne of Italy, jailed on charges of running a gambling and prostitution ring. | | 17 | 561 | Consecration of Pope John III (561-574) | | | 663 | Constans II leaves Rome after a short stay; the last Roman Emperor to visit the Eternal City | | | 1048 | Accession of Pope Damasus II (17 July-8 Aug 1048) | | | 1245 | Pope excommunicates Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, for the third time | | | 1453 | Châtillon: French defeat the English, winning the 100 Years’ War | | | 1461 | Battle of Sampierdarema: The Genovese defeat the Angevins | | | 1465 | Battle of Montlhery: The French defeat the "Public Good" Rebels | | | 1501 | The French invest Capua (Falls the 25th) | | | 1509 | The Venetians recapture Padua from the French | | | 1549 | Jews are expelled from Ghent, Belgium | | | 1601 | Treaty of Lyons: Savoy annexes Saluzzo, France gains Bresse, Bugey, Gex & Valromey. | | | 1762 | Catherine the Great becomes ruler of Russia, by murdering Peter III | | | 1812 | USS Constitution escapes a British sqn after 3 day chase off New Jersey | | | 1815 | Napoleon surrenders to the British at Rochefort | | | 1858 | US Sloop-of-War Niagara begins supporting the laying of the first Atlantic cable. | | | 1860 | Battle of Corriolo: The Garibaldini defeat the Borbons | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Bunker Hill, Va | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Fulton, Mo | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Martinsburg, Mo | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Scarrytown, WVa | | | 1862 | John Hunt Morgan raids Cynthiana, Ky | | | 1862 | Naval Engagement at Pascagoula River, MS | | | 1862 | Skirmish at Columbia, TN | | | 1862 | US army authorized to accept blacks as laborers | | | 1863 | Battle of Honey Springs: largest Civil War action in the Indian Territory | | | 1864 | John Bell Hood assumes command of the Confederate Army of Tennessee, sealing the fate of Atlanta | | | 1898 | Spanish-American War: Santiago surrenders to the US | | | 1903 | Army and Navy Joint Board formed. | | | 1917 | British Royals change their name from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor | | | 1927 | USMC pilots conduct first combat dive bombing, Ocotal, Nicaragua. | | | 1936 | Military coup in Spain, sparks Civil War | | | 1942 | Amphib Force, SoPac Area, is established under Richmond Kelly Turner | | | 1942 | MacArthur issues orders to occupy Buna, northeastern Papua. | | | 1943 | RAF bombs German rocket research base at Pennemunde, on the Baltic | | | 1943 | U.S. destroyers shell Kiska. | | | 1944 | Having helped the Russians to liberate Vilna from the Germans, the leaders of the Polish resistance “Army Krajowa” are arrested by Stalin | | | 1944 | Heavy fighting in the Aitape area, New Guinea. | | | 1944 | Japanese Navy Minister Shimada, resigns, bringing down Tojo government. | | | 1944 | Two ammunition ships explode at Port Chicago, Ca., 322 die | | | 1945 | Potsdam Conference begins: Truman, Stalin, & Attlee | | | 1945 | Third Fleet undertakes surface and air attacks on targets near Tokyo. | | | 1962 | Robert White in X-15 sets altitude record of 108 km (354,300 ft) | | 18 | 0 | Feast of St. Camillo de Lellis, Patron of Military Surgeons | | | 64 | Great Fire of Rome begins, at which Nero didn't fiddle | | | 387 | Battle of the Allia: Brennus’ Gauls defeat the Romans (or maybe 390) | | | 477 | Battle of the Cremera: The gens Fabius is virtually wiped out by the Veientines | | | 1185 | Battle of Alarcos: Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur defeats King Alfonso VIII of Castille | | | 1536 | Henry VIII declares the Pope's authority void in England | | | 1630 | Spanish-Imperial troops storm Mantua amid great slaughter | | | 1716 | Jews are expelled from Brussels, Belgium | | | 1775 | Congress authorizes each colony to provide armed ships of war | | | 1779 | Commo Abraham Whipple's squadron takes 11 British prizes | | | 1806 | Gaeta surrenders to the French, after a siege that began Feb 12th | | | 1812 | Treaty of Orebro: Great Britain, Russia, & Sweden ally against Napoleon | | | 1813 | US Frigate President captures 4 British ships. | | | 1814 | British capture Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin | | | 1861 | Bull Run Campaign: Combat at Blackburn's Ford, Va | | | 1863 | Cavalry skirmish near Columbus, Ga | | | 1863 | Gallant attempt of the 54th Massachusetts to storm Fort Wagner | | | 1898 | US and Spanish light forces engage in naval skirmish off Manzanillo | | | 1907 | French troops attack Casablanca | | | 1914 | Air Service formed within the Signal Corps | | | 1915 | Second Battle of the Isonzo begins (to Aug 3) | | | 1918 | US & French forces launch Aisne-Marne offensive | | | 1920 | Naval aircraft sink ex-German cruiser Frankfurt in target practice. | | | 1925 | “Mein Kampf” is published, and sells badly, until 1930, when it begins to top the charts | | | 1941 | SS drowns 40 Jews in Dvina River, Belorussia | | | 1942 | Maiden flight of the Messerschmitt Me 262, the first jet fighter | | | 1943 | German u-boat downs K-47, only US airship lost to enemy action in WW II | | | 1944 | Kuniaki Koiso forms new Japanese government, with the same old policies. | | | 1944 | US troops capture St. Lo, Normandy | | | 1945 | Australian troops take the Sambodja oil fields in Borneo. | | | 1994 | Arab terrorist car bomb detonates at a Jewish center in Buenos Aires, 96 die | | 19 | 711 | Battle of Guadalete: Tariq’s Arab-Berbers defeat the Visigoths, initialing a 781 year war for Spain | | | 1333 | Battle of Halidon Hill: English defeat the Scots | | | 1510 | 38 Jews are burned at the stake at Berlin | | | 1525 | German Catholic princes form the Dessau League to combat Protestantism | | | 1545 | King Henry VIII's flagship Mary Rose sinks at Portsmouth, 73 die | | | 1553 | Lady Jane Grey, 15, deposed after nine days as England's Queen | | | 1588 | Sir Francis Drake finishes his game of bowls, in time to go to sea to fight the Spanish Armada | | | 1650 | Battle of Edinburgh: David Leslie defeats Oliver Cromwell | | | 1701 | Battle of Dunamunde: The Swedes defeat the Saxons | | | 1747 | Battle of the Colle dell'Assietta: The Piedmontese defeat the French | | | 1799 | French troops building fortifications near Rosetta, find a curious stone | | | 1812 | First Battle of Sackett’s Harbor: Americans beat off a British attack across Lake Erie | | | 1861 | Combat at Parkersville, Mo | | | 1863 | Battle of Buffington's Island, OH | | | 1864 | Battle of Winchester/Stephenson's Depot, Va, begins (ends Jul 20) | | | 1864 | Chinese Imperial troops liberate Naking from the Tai-ping rebels | | | 1870 | Franco-Prussian War begins | | | 1886 | Atlanta commissioned, first steel cruiser in the USN | | | 1897 | Lt Robert E. Peary departs on a year long Arctic Expedition | | | 1898 | US ships & Spanish batteries exchange fire, Havana | | | 1918 | German armies retreat across the Marne | | | 1918 | German U-156 sinks the armored cruiser San Diego off Fire Island, NY | | | 1939 | RADM Richard Byrd named commanding officer of the 1939-1941 Antarctic Expedition | | | 1940 | Battle of Cape Spada: Australian-British squadron sinks Italian CL Colleoni | | | 1941 | Winston Churchill flashes "V for Victory" for the first time | | | 1942 | 1800 Japanese troops depart Rabaul by ship for Gona. | | | 1942 | German occupiers confiscate bicycles in the Netherlands | | | 1943 | First Allied air raid on the Eternal City, 500 bombers hit rail yards | | | 1943 | Japanese DDs land supplies at Vila, Kula Gulf. | | | 1969 | Apollo 11 goes into orbit around the Moon | | | 1979 | Marxist Sandinista government installed in Nicaragua | | 20 | 514 | Election of Pope Hormisdas (514-523), later canonized | | | 1031 | Henry I succeeds Robert II as King of France | | | 1187 | Saladin captures Jaffa | | | 1346 | Battle of Zara: The Venetians defeat the Hungarians | | | 1402 | Battle of Angora: The Tatars defeat the Ottoman Turks | | | 1502 | Cesare Borgia captures Camerino | | | 1808 | Battle of Bailen: The Spanish defeat the French | | | 1810 | Colombia declares independence from Spain | | | 1812 | USS Nautilus captured by the Royal Navy | | | 1813 | Battle of Sorauren, Day 3: Anglo-Spanish defeat the French | | | 1846 | USS Columbus & USS Vincennes fail to "open" Japan | | | 1858 | Gathering of Plombieres: Napoleon III and Cavour plot war with Austria | | | 1860 | Garibaldi defeats Borbon troops at Milazzo, Sicily | | | 1861 | Confederate Congress convenes at Richmond | | | 1864 | Battle of Peachtree Creek: Confederates defeated | | | 1866 | Battle of Lissa: Austrian fleet defeats the Italian fleet in the Adriatic | | | 1871 | By Royal Warrant, Queen Victoria abolishes purchase in the British Army | | | 1881 | Sioux leader Sitting Bull surrenders to federal troops | | | 1899 | Five Italian-Americans are lynched in Tallulah, Louisiana | | | 1913 | Turks retake Adrianople from the Bulgarians | | | 1914 | Grand review of the Royal Navy off the Isle of Wight for King George V | | | 1917 | Eugene Jacque Bullard, black American Foreign Legionnaire, is commissioned a fighter pilot in the Lafayette Flying Corps | | | 1942 | Congress creates the Legion of Merit | | | 1942 | First WAACs begin basic training | | | 1942 | German raider Thor sinks a British freighter in the Indian Ocean. | | | 1943 | Kula Gulf: two Japanese DDs are sunk by U.S. aircraft | | | 1943 | Solomons: Japanese sub damages Australian CL Hobart. | | | 1944 | Death March of 1,200 Jews begins from Lipcani, Moldavia | | | 1944 | Marines land on Guam. | | | 1944 | The July Plot: Hitler isn't assassinated | | | 1945 | Gala harbor reception for 15,000 men of the 44th Inf Div (NY/NJ NG) as they arrive at Pier 90 aboard the Queen Elizabeth | | | 1945 | Sub Threadfish sinks Japanese Minesweeper No. 39 in the Yellow Sea. | | | 1948 | US reinstitutes the draft, for the Cold War | | | 1949 | Israel's 19 month war of independence ends | | | 1969 | The First Moon Landing: Apollo XI astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin | | | 1974 | Responding to attacks on Turkish residents, Turkey invades Cyprus | | | 1976 | Last US troops leave Thailand | | | 1982 | IRA bombs explode in two London parks | | 21 | 70 | Romans secure Jerusalem after four months, amid great slaughter | | | 387 | “Vae Victis!”: Brennus’ Gauls occupy Rome, following their victory on the Allia (18th) (or maybe 390) | | | 649 | Consecration of Pope St. Martin I (649-653) | | | 1200 | Battle of Monreale: Papal-Norman army defeats Marcovaldo di Anweiler | | | 1320 | Count Louis of Nevers marries the 8-year old daughter of Philip V | | | 1403 | Battle of Shrewsbury: Henry IV defeats Henry Percy, the Earl of Northumberland | | | 1527 | Plague miraculously ends at Itri | | | 1667 | Treaty of Breda: ends the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-1667) | | | 1691 | Antonio Pignatelli elected Pope as Innocent XII (1691-1700) | | | 1711 | Treaty of the Pruth: ends Russo-Turkish War of 1710-1711 | | | 1718 | Treaty of Passarowitz: Austria and Venice make peace with the Turks | | | 1784 | Algiers agrees to terms after Italian allied bombardment that began July 12th | | | 1789 | Jose de San Martin, 11, joins the Spanish Regiment of Murcia as an officer-cadet | | | 1798 | Battle of the Pyramids: Bonaparte defeats the Mamlukes | | | 1823 | Lt David G. Farragut leads a raid to destroy a pirate base in Cuba | | | 1861 | Battle of Bull Run/Manassas: Confederate Victory | | | 1866 | Battle of Bezzecca: the Garibaldini defeat the Austrians | | | 1905 | Ottoman Sultan Adbul Hamid narrowly escapes assassination | | | 1905 | USS Bennington (PG-4): Boiler explosion, 62 dead, 40 injured | | | 1930 | Veterans' Administration established | | | 1933 | Ticker tape parade on Broadway for Italo Balbo & his airmen | | | 1941 | 200 Torahs are burned in Ukraine | | | 1941 | Himmler orders building of Majanek Concentration Camp | | | 1942 | Japanese land at Gona, northeastern Papua, despite Allied air attacks | | | 1942 | Japanese warships shell Buna and nearby villages | | | 1943 | US Navy cancels the Montana Class battleships | | | 1944 | Pre-invasion bombardment of Tinian commences. | | | 1945 | U.S. radio broadcasts demand that Japan surrender or be destroyed. | | | 1946 | USN begins carrier trials of jets, an XFD-1 Phantom off FDR | | | 1962 | Indian and Chinese troops skirmish in the Himalayas | | | 1969 | Neil Armstrong’s “small step” - 2:56:15 AM GMT | | | 1970 | Libya orders confiscation of Jewish property | | | 1972 | Bloody Friday: 22 IRA bombs explode in Belfast | | | 1997 | Little Sorrel's ashes interred at Stonewall Jackson’s statue at VMI | | | 1997 | Restored USS Constitution sails for the first time in 116 years | | 22 | 1209 | Crusaders capture Beziers from the Albigensians, amid great slaughter - "Kill them all; God will know His own." | | | 1298 | Battle of Falkirk: English defeat the Scots | | | 1306 | King Philip the Fair of France orders expulsion of Jews | | | 1376 | The Pied Piper of Hamlin does his thing | | | 1484 | Battle of Kirkconnel: The Duke of Albany is defeated by rebels. | | | 1499 | Battle of Dornach: Swiss defeat Emperor Maximilian I | | | 1555 | Battle of Sirind: The Moghuls defeat the Hindus | | | 1631 | Battle of Werben: Swedes defeat the Imperialists | | | 1775 | George Washington takes command of the American Army outside Boston | | | 1795 | Treaty of Basle: Ends the Franco-Spanish War (1793-1795) on terms favorable to France | | | 1802 | US Frigate Constellation defeats 9 corsair gunboats off Tripoli | | | 1812 | Battle of Salamanca: Wellington's Anglo-Spanish Army defeats the French | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Forsyth, Mo | | | 1864 | Atlanta Campaign: Battle of Decatur, Hood attacks Sherman and losses | | | 1878 | “Great Re-union of the Soldiers & Sailors of Ohio” - Newark. | | | 1905 | The remains of John Paul Jones are removed from Paris to be transported to Annapolis | | | 1916 | A bomb at a “Preparedness” parade in San Francisco kills 10 | | | 1917 | Alexander Kerensky becomes PM of Russia (to Nov) | | | 1941 | Defeated on all fronts in 16 day war with Peru, Ecuador agrees to a cease fire. | | | 1942 | 1st Battle of Alamein: British halt German-Italian drive under Rommel | | | 1942 | 300,000 Warsaw Ghetto Jews are sent to Treblinka extermination camp | | | 1942 | Allied a/c attack Japanese shipping at Gona, as Imperial troops begin advancing on Buna and the Kokoda Trail | | | 1942 | US initiates gasoline rationing | | | 1943 | Aleutians: U.S. warships shell Kiska and nearby islets | | | 1943 | Bougainville: Japanese seaplane CV Nisshin sunk by U.S. aircraft | | | 1943 | Paramushiro: Japanese ships sail to complete evacuation of Kiska | | | 1943 | Patton captures Palermo | | | 1944 | Guam: Japanese counterattack is beaten off. | | | 1944 | Soviets set up Communist Polish Committee of National Liberation | | | 1946 | Jerusalem: Irgun bombs Br HQ in the King David Hotel, c. 90 die | | | 1975 | House of Reps votes to restore citizenship to Robert E Lee | | | 1987 | Soviet PM Gorbachev agrees to negotiate a ban on intermediate-range nuclear missiles | | | 1987 | USN begins escorting re-flagged Kuwaiti tankers in the Persian Gulf | | | 1988 | 500 US scientists pledge to boycott Pentagon germ-warfare research | | 23 | 685 | Consecration of Pope John V (685-686) | | | 1253 | Pope Innocent III orders Jews expelled from Vienne, France | | | 1298 | Jewish community in Wurzburg, Germany, annihilated | | | 1343 | Peace of Kalisz: Poland cedes Pomerania to the Teutonic Knights | | | 1403 | Battle of Shrewsbury: Percys beaten by King Henry IV | | | 1482 | Ottoman Prince Djem, defeated in a civil war by his brother Sultan Bajazet, takes refuge with the Knights of Rhodes | | | 1595 | The Spanish sack & burn Mousehole & Penzance, Cornwall | | | 1716 | Mug House Riots in London, between Jacobite and Hanoverian partisans | | | 1759 | Keel is laid for HMS Victory | | | 1793 | Mainz: Besieged French garrison surrenders to the Prussians | | | 1798 | Napoleon captures Alexandria, Egypt | | | 1803 | "United Irishmen" uprising begins against Union with Great Britain | | | 1808 | Bailen, Spain: 18,000 French troops surrender to the Spanish | | | 1812 | Battle of Mogilev, Russia: Napoleon defeats Tsar Alexander I | | | 1846 | Henry David Thoreau spends a night in jail for opposing the Mexican War | | | 1847 | Brigham Young says "This is the place." | | | 1848 | Battle of Sommacampagna: Austrians defeat the Piedmontese | | | 1849 | Baden: Republican regime surrenders to the Prussians | | | 1864 | Battle of Woodstock, VA | | | 1886 | Steve Brodie allegedly jumps from the Brooklyn Bridge into the East River | | | 1898 | US landing at Rio Manimani, Cuba | | | 1906 | Pogroms against Jews in Odessa | | | 1913 | Arabs attack Jewish community of Rechovot, Palestine | | | 1914 | Austria-Hungary issues ultimatum to Serbia | | | 1921 | Chinese communist party formed | | | 1940 | Hitler’s last visit to the Bayreuth festival, to hear Gotterdammerung | | | 1940 | The "Blitz" begins: the first all-night Luftwaffe raid on London | | | 1942 | German troops capture Rostov | | | 1942 | Kokoda Trail: Japanese clash with Australian Maroubra Force at Awala | | | 1943 | Battle of Kursk ends: Soviets win the greatest tank battle in history | | | 1943 | New Georgia: Japanese attempt to land by barge frustrated by PT-boats. | | | 1943 | US forces on New Georgia begin a drive to capture the airfield at Munda | | | 1944 | Chinese troops renew an offensive on the Salween front, Burma | | | 1944 | Heavy fighting on Guam | | | 1944 | Soviet Army captures Lublin, Poland | | | 1944 | US forces land on Japanese-held Tinian from nearby Saipan | | | 1945 | Marshal of France Henri Petain, former Vichy leader, tried for treason | | | 1945 | Raiders off sub Barb blowup train on the east coast of Sakhalin Island | | | 1945 | U.S. & Commonwealth ships raid Japan, sinking over 100 ships | | | 1952 | Gen Mohammed Naguib & the Free Officer Movement overthrow King Faruq of Egypt | | | 1958 | Nautilus leaves Pearl Harbor to begin the first submerged crossing of the North Pole (90 N on August 3) | | | 1974 | Greek military dictatorship collapses | | 24 | 1132 | Battle of Nocera: Count Ranulf II of Alife defeats Roger II of Sicily | | | 1148 | Second Crusaders besiege Damascus (withdraw the 28th) | | | 1192 | Saladin captures Jaffa | | | 1216 | Cencio Savelli elected Pope as Honorius III (1216-1227) | | | 1505 | Portuguese fleet sacks and burns Kilwa, East Africa | | | 1567 | James VI ascends the Scottish throne | | | 1603 | James VI of Scots is crowned King of England as James I | | | 1692 | French defeat William III of England at Steinkirk | | | 1704 | British Admiral George Rooke takes Gibraltar from Spain | | | 1813 | Elijah Mix, USN, tries to mine HMS Plantagenet, Cape Henry, Va | | | 1848 | Skirmish at Salionze: Austrians defeat the Piedmontese | | | 1848 | Skirmish at Staffalo: Piedmontese defeat the Austrians | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Blue Mills, Mo | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Taylor Mountain, WVa, | | | 1864 | Battle of Winchester, Va | | | 1883 | Arabi Pasha declares a holy war in Egypt against Britain and France | | | 1900 | Race riot in New Orleans | | | 1915 | Steamer Eastland capsizes dockside in Chicago, 800 die | | | 1919 | Race Riot in Washington DC, 6 killed, 100 wounded | | | 1923 | Allied Powers & Turkey sign peace treaty at Lausanne | | | 1929 | Pres Hoover proclaims Kellogg-Briand Pact, which declares war naughty | | | 1936 | Spanish Nationalists form junta to conduct civil war | | | 1942 | Australian Maroubra Force is forced back from Alawa by the Japanese. | | | 1942 | U.S. submarines begin operating in the Kurile Islands. | | | 1943 | RAF bombs Hamburg, initiating a firestorm. | | | 1943 | U.S. destroyers land supplies at Bairoko, on Kula Gulf. | | | 1943 | U.S. subs ordered to deactivate defective magnetic torpedo exploders. | | | 1943 | U-459 sinks when it shoots down RAF Wellington thatwhich crashes on her deck | | | 1945 | Over 1,500 Allied CV a/c raid Kure, sinking three battleships | | | 1948 | Soviets initate a blockade of Berlin | | | 1959 | The Nick & Dick Show: VP Nixon’s "Kitchen debate" with Soviet Premier Khrushchev | | | 1969 | Muhammad Ali is convicted of refusing induction in the US Army | | | 1999 | Debut of “StrategyPage” | | 25 | 0 | Feast of the Apostle St James the Greater, Patron of the Reconquista | | | 1139 | Battle of Ourique: King Affonso I of Portugal defeats the Moors, personally accounting for five enemy knights – see Births | | | 1261 | Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII recaptures Constantinople from the Latins | | | 1360 | Jews are expelled from Breslau, Silesia | | | 1391 | Battle of Alessandria: The Visconti defeat the French | | | 1394 | Charles VI expels the Jews from France | | | 1467 | Battle of Riccardino/Molinella: Bartolomeo Colleoni’s Venetians defeat Federico da Montefeltro’s Emilian-Romagnan alliance | | | 1501 | The French capture Capua amid great slaughter (besieged since the 17th) | | | 1581 | Seven Dutch provinces declare independence from Spain | | | 1587 | Shogun Hideyoshi bans Christianity in Japan | | | 1593 | "Paris is worth a mass" - Huguenot Henri IV converts to Catholicism | | | 1670 | Austrian Emperor Leopold I expels 4,000 Jews from Vienna | | | 1759 | The British capture Ft. Niagara from the French | | | 1799 | Battle of Abukir: Bonaparte beats the Turks | | | 1813 | Battle of Maya: French defeat the English | | | 1814 | Battle of Lundy's Lane: Americans defeat the British | | | 1822 | Gen Agustin Iturbide is crowned Emperor of Mexico | | | 1835 | Ibrahim Pasha's army attacks Jewish residents of Hebron, Palestine | | | 1848 | First Battle of Custoza: Austrians defeat the Piedmontese | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Fort Fillmore, NM | | | 1866 | David G. Farragut is appointed the first Admiral in the US Navy | | | 1866 | U.S. Grant is named the first full general in the history of the US Army | | | 1898 | First US troops land in Puerto Rice, at Guanica Bay | | | 1909 | Louis Bleriot makes the first airplane flight across the English Channel | | | 1912 | USN publishes its first specifications for aircraft | | | 1918 | Race riot in Chester, Pennsylvania; 3 blacks & 2 whites killed | | | 1934 | 1st presidential visit to Hawaii: FDR lands from USS Houston | | | 1934 | Nazi coup fails in Austria | | | 1938 | Spanish Republican Army begins an offensive on the Ebro | | | 1942 | Japanese outflank the Maroubra Force, to come within six miles of Kokoda | | | 1943 | King Victor Emanuel III & the Fascist Grand Council dismiss Mussolini | | | 1943 | New Georgia: 25th Inf Div lands, to join heavy fighting | | | 1943 | RAF bombs Fokker airplane factory in Amsterdam | | | 1944 | Allied breakthrough at St-Lo, Patton begins his drive across France | | | 1944 | First jet fighter used in combat, the Messerschmitt 262 | | | 1945 | Japan says it will surrender, but not unconditionally | | | 1946 | US detonates an underwater A-bomb at Bikini, the fifth atomic explosion | | | 1947 | Army, Navy, & Air Force subordinated to the new Department of Defense | | | 1956 | Liner Andrea Doria is rammed by the Stockholm off Nantucket, shortly before midnight | | | 1963 | US, Russia, and Britain sign the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty | | | 1966 | Mao Zedong (73) allegedly swims the Yangtze River | | | 1984 | Cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya is the first woman to walk in space (Salyut 7) | | | 1994 | Israel & Jordan formally end a state of war that existed since 1948 | | | 1998 | CVN Harry S. Truman commissioned | | 26 | 46 | Day 1 of Caesar’s Triumph, for the conquest of Gaul, culminating in the dedication of the Temple of Venus Genetrix, honoring his divine ancestress | | | 657 | Battle of Siffin: Muawiyah I, the first Umayyad, defeats Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, Mohammed’s son-in-law | | | 811 | Battle of the Verbita Pass/Pliska: Bulgar Khan Krouma acquires Nicephorus I's skull as a drinking cup. | | | 1469 | Edgecote Hill: Sir John Conyers’ Lancastrians defeat the Earl of Pembroke’s Yorkists | | | 1649 | English fleet bombards Dunkirk | | | 1755 | Giacomo Casanova is imprisoned in the Leads by the Venetian secret police | | | 1757 | Battle of Hastenbek: The French defeat the Anglo-Hanoverians | | | 1758 | British Gen James Wolfe captures Louisbourg | | | 1759 | French troops vacate Ticonderoga, New York | | | 1812 | US Frigate Essex captures British brig Leander | | | 1822 | Secret meeting of Simon Bolivar & Jose de San Martin | | | 1826 | Rioting in Vilna leaves many Jews dead | | | 1833 | A Zulu impi raids the vicinity of the Portuguese fort at Lourenço Marques, Mozambique | | | 1861 | Skirmish at Lane's Prairie, Mo | | | 1863 | Salineville, OH: Confederate Brig Gen. John Hunt Morgan surrenders with 364 troopers | | | 1898 | Skirmish near Yauco, Puerto Rico; Spanish withdraw | | | 1898 | US Navy sweeps mines at Caimanera, Cuba | | | 1912 | Lt. John Rodgers makes 1st airborne radio commo to a ship, USS Stringham | | | 1918 | Race riot in Philadelphia, 3 whites & 1 black killed | | | 1941 | Pres Roosevelt calls the Philippine Army into Federal Service | | | 1942 | Capt Joy Bright Hancock is appointed Director, Women's Naval Reserve | | | 1942 | Desperate fighting near Kokoda; Australians fall back to Deniki. | | | 1942 | Japanese reinforcements land at Buna. | | | 1942 | RAF bombs Hamburg | | | 1943 | U.S. destroyers shell Munda. | | | 1944 | At a strategy conference in Hawaii, FDR orders the liberation of the Philippines | | | 1944 | Russian troops arrive on the Vistula | | | 1945 | British ships and a/c raid Japanese bases on the west coast of Malaya. | | | 1945 | Churchill resigns as Britain's PM | | | 1945 | Japanese disregard US ultimatum | | | 1947 | National Security Act establishes the CIA | | | 1948 | Truman initiates the integration of the Armed Forces | | | 1953 | Fidel Castro makes an unsuccessful attack on the Moncada Barracks | | | 1954 | Chinese aircraft shoot down a British airliner, whereupon fighers off USS Philippine Sea (CVA-47) shoot down 2 Chinese a/c that fired on them while covering rescue operations | | | 1956 | Liner Andrea Doria, rammed by the Stockholm off Nantucket a day earlier, sinks, 51 die | | | 1957 | USSR launches its first intercontinental multistage ballistic missile | | 27 | 46 | Day 2 of Caesar’s Triumph, for the Alexandrian War | | | 1057 | Battle of Dunsinane Hill ("The Seven Sleepers"): Earl Siward defeats King MacBeth of Scotland | | | 1214 | First Battle of Bouvines: King Philip II of France defeats Emperor Otto IV | | | 1230 | Pope Gregory IX & Emperor Frederick II sign the Treaty of San Germano | | | 1298 | Albert I, son of Rudolf of Hapsburg, crowned Holy Roman Emperor | | | 1361 | Battle of Visby: Waldemar IV of Denmark defeats the Gotlanders | | | 1365 | Princess Isabella of England marries Enguerrand de Coucy at Windsor | | | 1597 | Battle of Amiens: Spanish defeat the French | | | 1643 | Cromwell defeats Royalists at Battle of Gainsborough | | | 1689 | Battle of Killiecrankie: Viscount Dundee defeats the Scots Jacobites under General Mackay | | | 1778 | First Battle of Ushant: British and French fleets fight to a draw | | | 1794 | Coup of Thermidor - the fall of Robespierre | | | 1809 | Battle of Talavera de la Reina: Wellesley's Anglo-Spanish defeat the French | | | 1813 | Battle of Burnt Corn Creek: Red Stick Creek Indians carrying supplies from Spanish Florida defeat an ambush by American militiamen. | | | 1816 | Fort Blount, Apalachicola Bay, Fla, attacked by US Troops | | | 1830 | Revolution against Charles X breaks out in Paris | | | 1839 | Chartist riots break out in Birmingham, England | | | 1848 | Combat at Cerlungo: Piedmontese defeat the Austrians | | | 1861 | Combat at Ft Fillmore, NM: Confederate victory | | | 1861 | McClellan replaces McDowell in command of Union forces around Washington | | | 1861 | Skirmish at St. Augustine Springs, NM | | | 1864 | Battle of Darbytown/Deep Bottom/ Newmarket Road/Strawberry Plains, Va | | | 1880 | Battle of Maiwand; Dr Watson is wounded | | | 1897 | Grand Review of the Royal Navy off Spithead marking Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee | | | 1900 | Kaiser Wilhelm II tells troops departing to fight the Boxers in China, "When you meet the enemy, you will beat him; you will give no pardon and take no prisoners. Those whom you capture are at your mercy. As the Huns a thousand years ago under King Attila made a name for themselves that has lasted mightily in memory, so may the name 'Germany' be known in China, such that no Chinaman will ever again dare to look askance at a German." | | | 1909 | Orville Wright demonstrates a plane for the Army, flying 72 minutes | | | 1941 | Japanese forces land in Indo-China | | | 1942 | Australian forces cling to Deniki, south of Kokoda in Papua, against fierce Japanese pressure. | | | 1943 | Battle of the Pips: USN fires 100s of rounds at false radar blips, Kiska. | | | 1943 | China Seas: Sub Sawfish sinks two Japanese ships | | | 1943 | Japanese DDs Ariake & Mikazuki sunk off New Britain by U.S. Army a/c. | | | 1943 | Stalin issues Order No. 227: "Panic makers and cowards must be liquidated on the spot. Not one step backward . . . !” | | | 1944 | First British jet fighter enters combat, the Gloster Meteor | | | 1944 | Marines clear northern Tinian and begin rebuilding the airfield | | | 1944 | Soviets liberate Majanek Concentration Camp | | | 1945 | Japan's cities are "bombed" with leaflets demanding surrender | | | 1953 | North Korea & UN sign armistice | | | 1954 | Armistice divides Vietnam in two | | | 1955 | Bulgaria shoots down an Israeli passenger plane, 58 die | | | 1990 | Belarus declares independence from the USSR | | | 1995 | Korean War Veterans Memorial dedicated in Washington | | 28 | 46 | Day 3 of Caesar’s Triumph, for the defeat of Pharnaces of Pontus | | | 754 | Pope Stephen II makes Pepin the Short King of France | | | 1148 | Second Crusaders abandon the siege of Damascus (invested the 24th) | | | 1233 | King Jaime I of Aragon liberates Burriana from the Moors | | | 1330 | Battle of Velbuzda/Kiustendil: Serbians crush the Bulgarians | | | 1424 | Battle of Zagonara: The Visconti defeat the Florentines | | | 1480 | Ottoman army besieges Otranto, Naples (falls Aug 11) | | | 1488 | Battle of Saint Aubin: The French defeat the Bretons | | | 1813 | Battle of Sorauren, Day 1: Anglo-Spanish v. the French (ends 30th) | | | 1835 | Giuseppe Fieschi attempts to assassinate King Louis Philippe by “infernal machine” in Paris | | | 1862 | Skirmish at More's Hill, Mo: Confederates defeated | | | 1864 | Atlanta Campaign: Battle of Ezra Church | | | 1866 | The U.S. officially adopts the metric system | | | 1898 | Skirmish at Ponce, Puerto Rico, which shortly surrenders to the US | | | 1914 | Austria-Hungary attacks Serbia, igniting WW I | | | 1914 | Mme. Caillaux is cleared of murder charges, permitting the French to notice the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia | | | 1914 | Flying a Short Folder seaplane, Royal Navy Lt. Arthur Longmore conducts the first test of an air dropped torpedo, in Southampton Water. | | | 1931 | Congress makes "The Star-Spangled Banner" the national anthem | | | 1932 | Douglas MacArthur’s greatest victory, the defeat of the Bonus Army | | | 1942 | Papua: Australians retake Kokoda in a spirited counterattack. | | | 1943 | FDR announces an end to coffee rationing | | | 1943 | Japanese squadron rescues over 5,000 troops from Kiska in an hour | | | 1943 | The RAF firebombs Hamburg, c. 40,000 die | | | 1944 | Japanese at Myitkyina withdraw, commander commits hara-kiri | | | 1945 | Kamikaze sink their last ship, DD Callaghan, off Okinawa. | | | 1945 | US Army B-25 crashes into 79th floor of Empire State Bldg, 14 die | | 29 | 46 | Day 4 of Caesar’s Triumph, for the defeat of Numidia | | | 1014 | Battle of Cledon: Byzantines defeat the Bulgars | | | 1030 | Battle of Stiklestad: Norwegian Christians triumph over pagans, in a fight punctuted by a solar eclipse | | | 1187 | Saladin captures Sidon | | | 1364 | Battle of Cascina: The Florentins defeat the Pisans | | | 1488 | Battle of Sant Albin an Hiliber: The French defeat the Bretons | | | 1693 | Battle of Neerwinden: The French defeat the English & Dutch | | | 1813 | Battle of Sorauren, Day 2: Anglo-Spanish v. the French (ends 30th) | | | 1846 | Landing party off USS Cyane captures San Diego | | | 1864 | Battle of Macon, GA (Stoneman's Raid) | | | 1874 | Maj. Walter Copton Wingfield patents a portable tennis court | | | 1915 | German sabotage plans are found on the IRT subway in NYC | | | 1918 | First meeting between FDR & Winston, Gray's Inn, London | | | 1937 | China Incident: Japanese troops occupy Peking & Tientsin | | | 1942 | Buna: Japanese land reinforcements, despite losses to Allied a/c | | | 1942 | Japanese retake Kokoda from the Australians, who fall back on Deniki | | | 1943 | New Guinea: 43rd Div Cdr relieved, as his troops press on slowly. | | | 1944 | Marines take Orote airstrip on Guam against fierce Japanese resistance | | | 1945 | CA Indianapolis torpedoed & sunk; nearly 900 die over the next four days | | | 1945 | U.S. warships shell naval and air bases on Honshu. | | | 1949 | Berlin Airlift ends, as Soviets end blockade | | | 1953 | Soviets shoot down US patrol bomber northeast of Vladivostok | | | 1966 | Military coup by Nigerian Chief of Staff Jakubu Gowon | | | 1967 | Fire aboard carrier USS Forrestal in Gulf of Tonkin, 134 die | | 30 | 634 | Arabs defeat Byzantines at Agnadain, Palestine | | | 657 | Consecration of Pope Vitalian (657-672) | | | 1291 | Egyptian Mamlukes take Haifa | | | 1371 | Massacre of the mercenary Compagnia del Bruco at Florence | | | 1419 | The First Defenestration of Prague: Initiates the Hussite Wars | | | 1588 | Battle of Gravelines: Indecisive clash that decides the fate of the Spanish Armada | | | 1609 | Samuel de Champlain uses a musket to help the Huron defeat the Iroquois, initiaing a 150-year Franco-Iroquois war | | | 1638 | Battle of Wittenweir: French defeat the Imperialists | | | 1760 | Three of London’s four remaining medieval gates are sold for £416 10s | | | 1839 | Amistad "Mutiny": Slaves liberate themselves | | | 1863 | Lincoln orders retaliation if Confederates kill black P/Ws | | | 1864 | Petersburg Campaign: Battle of the Crater | | | 1866 | Race riot in New Orleans | | | 1898 | US ships & Spanish batteries exchange fire at Manila | | | 1909 | US Army accepts delivery of first military airplane | | | 1913 | Conclusion of Second Balkan War | | | 1916 | German saboteurs blow up munitions stored at Black Tom Island, NJ | | | 1918 | 1st Marine Aviation Force lands at Brest, France | | | 1941 | Japanese "accidentally" bomb USS Tutuila (PR-4), Chungking, China | | | 1942 | German occupiers set curfew on Jews in the Netherlands | | | 1942 | SS kills 25,000 Jews in Minsk, Belorussia | | | 1942 | Sub Grunion declared "over due," probably lost to hazards of the sea. | | | 1942 | VAdm Mikawa arrives at Rabaul to assume command of the Eighth Fleet. | | | 1942 | WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) created | | | 1943 | New Georgia: Heavy fighting continues. | | | 1943 | U.S. DDs shell suspected Japanese positions on Kiska. | | | 1944 | 6th Inf Div lands on the Vogelkop, NW New Guinea, and offshore islands | | | 1945 | British midget subs sink Japanese cruiser with mines in Singapore. | | | 1945 | Near Samarinda, Borneo, Japanese troops slaughter several hundred Dutch civilian men, women, and children interned since 1942. | | | 1966 | US airplanes bomb demilitarized zone in Vietnam | | | 1971 | Japanese Boeing 727 collides with an F-86 fighter, 162 die | | | 1971 | US Apollo 15 (Scott & Irwin) lands on Mare Imbrium on the Moon | | | 1997 | Islamist suicide bombings in Jerusalem, 14 Israelis killed | | 31 | 904 | The Arabs sack Thessalonica | | | 1009 | Consecration of Pietro “Bucca Porci” as Pope Sergius IV (1009-1012) | | | 1192 | Richard I recaptures Jaffa from Saladin, who had it 17 days | | | 1291 | Egyptian Mamlukes take Beirut, end the Latin presence in the Holy Land | | | 1498 | Christopher Columbus lands at Trinidad, on his third voyage | | | 1667 | Peace of Breda: Second Anglo-Dutch War ends | | | 1777 | The Marquis de Lafayette becomes a major-general in the Continental Army | | | 1813 | British attack Plattsburgh, NY | | | 1815 | Bey of Tunis agrees to compensate U.S. for seizure of ships | | | 1830 | Charles X of France is forced to abdicate | | | 1845 | French Army bands adopt the recently invented Saxophone | | | 1849 | Battle of Segesvár: Russians defeat Hungarian nationalists | | | 1849 | Garibaldi & his companions gain refuge in San Marino after the fall of the Roman Republic | | | 1865 | USN East India Squadron established, origins of Asiatic Fleet | | | 1874 | USS Intrepid become the first Amierican warship armed with automotive torpedoes | | | 1898 | US and Spanish troops skirmish outside Manila | | | 1917 | Third battle of Ypres begins | | | 1922 | General strike in Italy protests Fascist violence | | | 1925 | Last Allied occupation forces leave the Rhineland | | | 1932 | German Election; Nazis get 37.3% of the vote | | | 1938 | Hitler decorates fellow anti-Semite Henry Ford with the "Grand Cross of the Supreme Order of the German Eagle" | | | 1942 | Allied air attack forces Japanese Buna-bound convoy back to Rabaul | | | 1942 | Australians at Deniki reinforced by another company | | | 1942 | British Far Eastern Fleet returns to Colombo from East Africa. | | | 1942 | Carrier Essex launched at Newport News, the first of a class of 26 | | | 1943 | Japanese 17th Div begins moving to Rabaul from central China. | | | 1944 | British help form an anti-Japanese Burmese government-in-exile. | | | 1970 | Parliament abolishes the Royal Navy's 300 year tradition of a daily issue of grog, replacing it with a daily can of beer | | | 1990 | Bosnia-Hercegovina declares independence from Yugoslavia | | | 1991 | Bush and Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty | | | 1997 | NYC police capture three Islamist terrorists planning subway attacks |
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